Polyalphaolefins prepared using modified Salan catalyst compounds

ABSTRACT

Polyalphaolefins and Salan catalysts, catalyst systems, and processes to produce the polyalphaolefins. Also disclosed are high-viscosity index polyalphaolefins and processes for producing them.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage entry of international applicationPCT/US2013/053363, filed Aug. 2, 2013, and a continuation-in-part ofcopending application PCT/US2013/04665, filed Jun. 19, 2013, and acontinuation-in-part of copending application U.S. Ser. No. 13/921,923,filed Jun. 19, 2013, and claims priority to and the benefit ofprovisional application US 61/679,640, filed Aug. 3, 2012.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to polyalphaolefin polymers made with novelcatalyst compounds comprising Salan ligands.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polyalpha-olefins (PAOs) comprise a class of hydrocarbons typicallymanufactured by the catalytic oligomerization (polymerization tolow-molecular-weight products) of linear alpha-olefin (LAO) monomers.These typically range from 1-octene to 1-dodecene, with 1-decene being asuitable material, although oligomeric copolymers of lower olefins suchas ethylene and propylene may also be used, including copolymers ofethylene with higher olefins. PAO products have achieved importance inthe lubricating oil market. Typically there are two classes of synthetichydrocarbon fluids (SHF) produced from linear alpha-olefins, the twoclasses of SHF being denoted as PAO and HVI-PAO (high viscosity indexPAOs). PAOs and HVI-PAOs of different viscosity grades are typicallyproduced using promoted BF₃ or AlCl₃ catalysts. Subsequent topolymerization, the PAO lubricant range products are typicallyhydrogenated in order to reduce the residual unsaturation, generally toa level of greater than 90%.

Synthetic PAOs have found wide acceptability and commercial success inthe lubricant field for their superiority to mineral based lubricants.In terms of lubricant property improvement, industrial research effortson synthetic lubricants have led to PAO fluids exhibiting usefulviscosities over a wide range of temperature, i.e., improved viscosityindex, while also showing lubricity, thermal and oxidative stability andpour point equal to or better than mineral oil. These relatively newsynthetic lubricants lower mechanical friction, enhancing mechanicalefficiency over the full spectrum of mechanical loads and do so over awider range of operating conditions than mineral oil lubricants.Polyalpha-olefins of different viscosity grades are known to be usefulin synthetic and semi-synthetic lubricants and grease formulations. See,for instance, Chapters 19 to 27 in Rudnick et al., “Synthetic Lubricantsand High-Performance Functional Fluids”, 2nd Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc.,N.Y. (1999). Compared to the conventional mineral oil-based products,these PAO-based products have excellent viscometrics, high and lowtemperature performance. They usually provide energy efficiency andextended service life.

HVI-PAOs are characterized by having a high viscosity index (VI) ofabout 130 and above, more preferably 150 and above, still morepreferably 160 and above, yet still more preferably 200 and above, andone or more of the following characteristics: a branch ratio of lessthan 0.19, a weight average molecular weight of between 300 and 45,000,a number average molecular weight of between 300 and 18,000, a molecularweight distribution of between 1 and 5, and pour point below −15° C.Measured in carbon number, these molecules range from C₃₀ to C₁₃₀₀.Viscosities of the HVI-PAO oligomers measured at 100° C. range from 3centistokes (“cSt”) to 15,000 cSt. These HVI-PAOs have been used asbasestocks in engine and industrial lubricant formulations.

In the production of PAOs and HVI-PAOs, the feed is usually limited toone specific alpha-olefins, usually 1-decene. Occasionally, when1-decene is not available in large enough quantity, small to moderateamounts of 1-octene or 1-dodecene is added to make up the quantity. Itis generally thought that 1-decene is the most preferred feed (seereference “Wide-Temperature Range Synthetic Hydrocarbon Fluids” by J. A.Brennen, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 19, 2-6 (1980). When mixturesof feed are used, the products tend to be blocky copolymers rather thanrandom copolymers and/or products produced at the beginning of theprocess are different than that produced at the end of the process, andthe inhomogeneous polymer product will be characterized by poorviscosity indices (VI) and poor low temperature properties are produced.Thus, in the past, PAOs and HVI-PAOs have generally been made using pureC₁₀ feeds.

Efforts have been made to prepare various PAOs using metallocenecatalyst systems where PAOs are produced from meso-forms of certainmetallocene catalysts under high hydrogen pressure. The use ofrac-ethyl-bis(indenyl) zirconium dichloride orrac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-indenyl) zirconium dichloride incombination with MAO at 40° C. (at 200 psi hydrogen or 1 mole ofhydrogen) to produce isotactic polydecene have also been reported.Others have made various PAOs, such as polydecene, using variousmetallocene catalysts not typically known to produce polymers oroligomers with any specific tacticity.

To date however, PAOs made with metallocenes have not found wideapplicability in the marketplace, particularly the lubricantmarketplace, due to inefficient process, cost and property deficits.Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for providing PAOs and orHVI-PAOs and an improved process to produce them. There is a need in theart for new and improved catalysts and catalyst systems to obtain newand improved PAOs, polymerization processes, and the like. Accordingly,there is a need in the art for new and improved catalyst systems for thepolymerization of olefins, in order to achieve specific properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The instant disclosure is directed to catalyst compounds, catalystsystems comprising such compounds, processes for the preparation of thecatalyst compounds and systems, and processes for the polymerization ofolefins using such catalyst compounds and systems, and the polymersproduced thereby.

In an embodiment, a process comprises contacting one or more olefinswith a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for a period oftime sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol% C₅ to C₂₄ olefin, wherein the catalyst system comprises Group 3, 4, 5and/or 6 disubstituted compounds supported by a tetradentate di-anionicSalan ligand.

In an embodiment, a process comprises contacting one or more olefinswith a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for a period oftime sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol% C₅ to C₂₄ olefin, wherein the catalyst system comprises Group 3, 4, 5and/or 6 disubstituted compounds supported by a heteroaryl-substitutedtetradentate di-anionic Salan ligand.

In an embodiment, a process comprises contacting one or more olefinswith a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for a period oftime sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol% C₅ to C₂₄ olefin, wherein the catalyst system comprises Group 3, 4, 5and/or 6 disubstituted compounds supported by a non-symmetricalheteroaryl-substituted tetradentate di-anionic Salan ligand.

In an embodiment, a process comprises contacting one or more olefinswith a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for a period oftime sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol% C₅ to C₂₄ olefin, wherein the catalyst system comprises Group 3, 4, 5and/or 6 disubstituted compounds supported by a carbazole-substitutedtetradentate di-anionic Salan ligand.

In an embodiment, a process comprises contacting one or more olefinswith a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for a period oftime sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol% C₅ to C₂₄ olefin, wherein the catalyst system comprises Group 3, 4, 5and/or 6 disubstituted compounds supported by a halogenated tetradentatedi-anionic Salan ligand.

In an embodiment, a process comprises contacting one or more olefinswith a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for a period oftime sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol% C₅ to C₂₄ olefin; the catalyst system comprising an activator and acatalyst compound according to Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or acombination thereof:

Formula I being represented by:

wherein M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and    R²⁸ is independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a    functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may    independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic    ring structure, or a combination thereof, or a combination thereof;    and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl;    Formula II being represented by:

wherein M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is, independently, a hydrogen,    a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprising elements    from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or two or    more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄ to    C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof;    subject to the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted    carbazole radical, and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical;    Formula III being represented by:

wherein M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is, independently, a    hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group    comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the    elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join    together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or    a combination thereof;-   at least one of R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹ or R²⁰    comprise fluorine; and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical.

In an embodiment, a polyalphaolefin comprises the polymer produced byany one of the foregoing processes. In an embodiment, a polyalphaolefincomprises at least 50 mol % C₅ to C₂₄ olefin, the polymer produced by aprocess comprising contacting one or more olefins with a catalyst systemat a temperature, a pressure, and for a period of time sufficient toproduce a polyalphaolefin, the catalyst system comprising an activatorand a catalyst as described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a ¹³C NMR image for poly-(1-hexene) made with Compound B/MAOaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a ¹³C NMR image for poly-(1-hexene) made with CompoundB/B(C₆F₅)₃ according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For the purposes of this invention and the claims thereto, the newnumbering scheme for the Periodic Table Groups is used as in Chem. Eng.News, 1985, 63, 27. Therefore, a “Group 4 metal” is an element fromGroup 4 of the Periodic Table.

In the structures depicted throughout this specification and the claims,a solid line indicates a bond, an arrow indicates that the bond may bedative, and each dashed line represents a bond having varying degrees ofcovalency and a varying degree of coordination.

For the purposes herein the term “polyalphaolefin” or “PAO” includeshomopolymers and copolymers of alpha-olefin monomers.

The terms “hydrocarbyl radical,” “hydrocarbyl” and “hydrocarbyl group”are used interchangeably throughout this document unless otherwisespecified. For purposes of this disclosure, a hydrocarbyl radical isdefined to be C₁ to C₇₀ radicals, or C₁ to C₂₀ radicals, or C₁ to C₁₀radicals, or C₆ to C₇₀ radicals, or C₆ to C₂₀ radicals, or C₇ to C₂₀radicals that may be linear, branched, or cyclic where appropriate(aromatic or non-aromatic); and includes hydrocarbyl radicalssubstituted with other hydrocarbyl radicals and/or one or morefunctional groups comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the periodictable of the elements. In addition two or more such hydrocarbyl radicalsmay together form a fused ring system, including partially or fullyhydrogenated fused ring systems, which may include heterocyclicradicals.

For purposes herein, a carbazole or substituted carbazole radical isrepresented by the formula:

wherein each R¹ through R⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprising elements from Group13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R⁸may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclicring structure, or a combination thereof.

The term “substituted” means that a hydrogen atom and/or a carbon atomin the base structure has been replaced with a hydrocarbyl radical,and/or a functional group, and/or a heteroatom or a heteroatomcontaining group. Accordingly, the term hydrocarbyl radical includesheteroatom containing groups. For purposes herein, a heteroatom isdefined as any atom other than carbon and hydrogen. For example, methylcyclopentadiene (Cp) is a Cp group, which is the base structure,substituted with a methyl radical, which may also be referred to as amethyl functional group, ethyl alcohol is an ethyl group, which is thebase structure, substituted with an —OH functional group, and pyridineis a phenyl group having a carbon in the base structure of the benzenering substituted with a nitrogen atom.

For purposes herein, a hydrocarbyl radical may be independently selectedfrom substituted or unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, ethenyl and isomers ofpropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl,dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl,octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, heneicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl,tetracosyl, pentacosyl, hexacosyl, heptacosyl, octacosyl, nonacosyl,triacontyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl,nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl,pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecynyl, nonadecenyl,eicosenyl, heneicosenyl, docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl,pentacosenyl, hexacosenyl, heptacosenyl, octacosenyl, nonacosenyl,triacontenyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl,nonynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, dodecynyl, tridecynyl, tetradecynyl,pentadecynyl, hexadecynyl, heptadecynyl, octadecynyl, nonadecynyl,cicosynyl, hencicosynyl, docosynyl, tricoscnyl, tetracosynyl,pentacosynyl, hexacosenyl, heptacosynyl, octacosynyl, nonacosynyl, andtriacontynyl.

For purposes herein, hydrocarbyl radicals may also include isomers ofsaturated, partially unsaturated and aromatic cyclic structures whereinthe radical may additionally be subjected to the types of substitutionsdescribed above. The term “aryl”, “aryl radical”, and/or “aryl group”refers to aromatic cyclic structures, which may be substituted withhydrocarbyl radicals and/or functional groups as defined herein.Examples of aryl radicals include: acenaphthenyl, acenaphthylenyl,acridinyl, anthracenyl, benzanthracenyls, benzimidazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, benzofluoranthenyls, benzofuranyl, benzoperylenyls,benzopyrenyls, benzothiazolyl, benzothiophenyls, benzoxazolyl, benzyl,carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chrysenyl, cinnolinyl, coronenyl, cyclohexyl,cyclohexenyl, methylcyclohexyl, dibenzoanthracenyls, fluoranthenyl,fluorenyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, in denopyrenyls, indolyl,indolinyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isoxazolyl,methyl benzyl, methylphenyl, naphthyl, oxazolyl, phenanthrenyl, phenyl,purinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrenyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolonyl, quinoxalinyl,thiazolyl, thiophenyl, and the like.

It is to be understood that for purposes herein, when a radical islisted, it indicates that the base structure of the radical (the radicaltype) and all other radicals formed when that radical is subjected tothe substitutions defined above. Alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl radicalslisted include all isomers including where appropriate cyclic isomers,for example, butyl includes n-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1-methylpropyl,tert-butyl, and cyclobutyl (and analogous substituted cyclopropyls);pentyl includes n-pentyl, cyclopentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl,3-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, and nevopentyl (and analogous substitutedcyclobutyls and cyclopropyls); butenyl includes E and Z forms of1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl,1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, and 2-methyl-2-propenyl (andcyclobutenyls and cyclopropenyls). Cyclic compounds having substitutionsinclude all isomer forms, for example, methylphenyl would includeortho-methylphenyl, meta-methylphenyl and para-methylphenyl;dimethylphenyl would include 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl,2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-diphenylmethyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, and3,5-dimethylphenyl.

Likewise the terms “functional group”, “group” and “substituent” arealso used interchangeably throughout this document unless otherwisespecified. For purposes herein, a functional group includes both organicand inorganic radicals and moieties comprising elements from Groups 13,14, 15, 16, and 17 of the periodic table of elements. Suitablefunctional groups may include hydrocarbyl radicals, e.g., alkylradicals, alkene radicals, aryl radicals, and/or halogen (Cl, Br, I, F),O, S, Se, Te, NR*_(x), OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*_(x), AsR*_(x), SbR*_(x),SR*, BR*_(X), SiR*_(X), GeR*_(x), SnR*_(x), PbR*_(x), and/or the like,wherein R is a C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl as defined above and wherein x isthe appropriate integer to provide an electron neutral moiety. Otherexamples of functional groups include those typically referred to asamines, imides, amides, ethers, alcohols (hydroxides), sulfides,sulfates, phosphides, halides, phosphonates, alkoxides, esters,carboxylates, aldehydes, and the like.

For purposes herein an “olefin,” alternatively referred to as “alkene,”is a linear, branched, or cyclic compound comprising carbon and hydrogenhaving at least one double bond. For purposes of this specification andthe claims appended thereto, when a polymer or copolymer is referred toas comprising an olefin, the olefin present in such polymer or copolymeris the polymerized form of the olefin. For example, when a copolymer issaid to have an “ethylene” content of 35 wt % to 55 wt %, it isunderstood that the mer unit in the copolymer is derived from ethylenein the polymerization reaction and said derived units are present at 35wt % to 55 wt %, based upon the weight of the copolymer.

For purposes herein a “polymer” has two or more of the same or different“mer” units. A “homopolymer” is a polymer having mer units that are thesame. A “copolymer” is a polymer having two or more mer units that aredifferent from each other. A “terpolymer” is a polymer having three merunits that are different from each other. “Different” in reference tomer units indicates that the mer units differ from each other by atleast one atom or are different isomerically. Accordingly, thedefinition of copolymer, as used herein, includes terpolymers and thelike. An oligomer is typically a polymer having a low molecular weight,such an Mn of less than 25,000 g/mol, or in an embodiment less than2,500 g/mol, or a low number of mer units, such as 75 mer units or less.An “ethylene polymer” or “ethylene copolymer” is a polymer or copolymercomprising at least 50 mole % ethylene derived units, a “propylenepolymer” or “propylene copolymer” is a polymer or copolymer comprisingat least 50 mole % propylene derived units, and so on.

For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “α-olefin” includes C₂-C₂₂olefins. Non-limiting examples of α-olefins include ethylene, propylene,1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene,1-undecene 1-dodecene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-pentadecene,1-hexadecene, 1-heptadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-nonadecene, 1-eicosene,1-heneicosene, 1-docosene, 1-tricosene, 1-tetracosene, 1-pentacosene,1-hexacosene, 1-heptacosene, 1-octacosene, 1-nonacosene, 1-triacontene,4-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 5-methyl-1-nonene,3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene, vinylcyclohexane, and vinylnorbornane.Non-limiting examples of cyclic olefins and diolefins includecyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene,cyclooctene, cyclononene, cyclodecene, norbornene, 4-methylnorbornene,2-methylcyclopentene, 4-methylcyclopentene, vinylcyclohexane,norbomadiene, dicyclopentadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene,vinylcyclohexene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, 1,3-divinylcyclopentane,1,2-divinylcyclohexane, 1,3-divinylcyclohexane, 1,4-divinylcyclohexane,1,5-divinylcyclooctane, 1-allyl-4-vinylcyclohexane,1,4-diallylcyclohexane, 1-allyl-5-vinylcyclooctane, and1,5-diallylcyclooctane.

The terms “catalyst”, “catalyst compound”, and “transition metalcompound” are defined to mean a compound capable of initiatingpolymerization catalysis under the appropriate conditions. In thedescription herein, the catalyst may be described as a catalystprecursor, a pre-catalyst compound, or a transition metal compound, andthese terms are used interchangeably. A catalyst compound may be used byitself to initiate catalysis or may be used in combination with anactivator to initiate catalysis. When the catalyst compound is combinedwith an activator to initiate catalysis, the catalyst compound is oftenreferred to as a pre-catalyst or catalyst precursor. A “catalyst system”is combination of at least one catalyst compound, at least oneactivator, which may include a co-activator, and/or a support material,where the system can polymerize monomers to polymer. For the purposes ofthis invention and the claims thereto, when catalyst systems aredescribed as comprising neutral stable forms of the components it iswell understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the ionic formof the component is the form that reacts with the monomers to producepolymers.

For purposes herein the term “catalyst productivity” is a measure of howmany grams of polymer (P) are produced using a polymerization catalystcomprising W g of catalyst (cat), over a period of time of T hours; andmay be expressed by the following formula: P/(T×W) and expressed inunits of gPgcat⁻¹hr⁻¹. Conversion is the amount of monomer that isconverted to polymer product, and is reported as mol % and is calculatedbased on the polymer yield and the amount of monomer fed into thereactor. Catalyst activity is a measure of how active the catalyst isand is reported as the mass of product polymer (P) produced per mole ofcatalyst (cat) used (kg P/mol cat).

An “anionic ligand” is a negatively charged ligand which donates one ormore pairs of electrons to a metal ion. A “neutral donor ligand” is aneutrally charged ligand which donates one or more pairs of electrons toa metal ion.

A scavenger is a compound that is typically added to facilitateoligomerization or polymerization by scavenging impurities. Somescavengers may also act as activators and may be referred to asco-activators. A co-activator, that is not a scavenger, may also be usedin conjunction with an activator in order to form an active catalyst. Inan embodiment a co-activator can be pre-mixed with the catalyst compoundto form an alkylated catalyst compound.

A propylene polymer is a polymer having at least 50 mol % of propylene.As used herein, for propylene polymers, Mn is number average molecularweight as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(¹H NMR) unless stated otherwise, Mw is weight average molecular weightdetermined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and Mz is z averagemolecular weight determined by GPC, wt % is weight percent, and mol % ismole percent. For all other polyalpha-olefins, Mw and Mn are determinedby gas chromatography (GC) for polymers having a kinematic viscosity at100° C. as determined according to ASTM D445 (KV100) less than 10 cSt,and by GPC for KV100 of 10 cSt or higher. Molecular weight distribution(MWD) is defined to be Mw divided by Mn. Unless otherwise noted, allmolecular weight units, e.g., Mw, Mn, Mz, are g/mol.

The following abbreviations may be used through this specification: Meis methyl, Ph is phenyl, Et is ethyl, Pr is propyl, iPr is isopropyl,n-Pr is normal propyl, Bu is butyl, iso-butyl is isobutyl, sec-butylrefers to secondary butyl, tert-butyl, refers to tertiary butyl, n-butylis normal butyl, pMe is para-methyl, Bz is benzyl, THF istetrahydrofuran, Mes is mesityl, also known as 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene,Tol is toluene, TMS is trimethylsilyl, TIBAL is triisobutylaluminum,TNOAL is triisobutyl n-octylaluminum, MAO is methylalumoxane, and MOMOis methoxymethoxy (also referred to as methoxymethyl ether).

For purposes herein, RT is room temperature, which is defined as 25° C.unless otherwise specified. All percentages are weight percent (wt %)unless otherwise specified.

In the description herein, the Salan catalyst may be described as acatalyst precursor, a pre-catalyst compound, Salan catalyst compound ora transition metal compound, and these terms are used interchangeably.

Catalyst Compounds

In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises Group 3, 4, 5 and/or 6disubstituted compounds supported by a tetradentate di-anionic Salanligand, useful to polymerize olefins and/or α-olefins to producepolyolefins and/or poly(α-olefins). In an embodiment the ligand isheteroaryl-substituted. In an embodiment the heteroaryl substituentcomprises nitrogen, or comprises carbazole. In an embodiment, theheteroaryl-substituted ligand is non-symmetrical. In an additional oralternative embodiment, the ligand is halogenated.

In an embodiment, the catalyst compounds are represented by thefollowing structure:

where each solid line represents a covalent bond and each dashed linerepresents a bond having varying degrees of covalency and a varyingdegree of coordination;

-   M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal covalently bonded to each    oxygen atom, and bonded with varying degrees of covalency and    coordination to each of nitrogen atoms N¹ and N²;-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷ and    R²⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, a    functional group comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may    independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic    ring structure, or a combination thereof; and-   Y is a divalent hydrocarbyl radical covalently bonded to and    bridging between both of the nitrogen atoms N¹ and N². In an    embodiment, two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may independently join together    to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure.

In an embodiment, the catalyst compound is represented by the formula:

wherein: A is represented by the formula, attached to the nitrogen atom,labeled N³ of the carbazole ring:

wherein A′ is represented by the formula, attached to the nitrogen atomlabeled N⁴ of the carbazole ring:

Wherein M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and    R²⁸ is independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a    functional group comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may    independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic    ring structure, or a combination thereof; and-   Y and Z form a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical. In an    embodiment, Y and Z are identical. In an embodiment, Y and Z are    different.

In an embodiment, M is a Group 4 metal, or M is Hf, Ti and/or Zr, or Mis Hf or Zr. In an embodiment, each of X¹ and X² is independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1to 20 carbon atoms, hydrides, amides, alkoxides having from 1 to 20carbon atoms, sulfides, phosphides, halides, amines, phosphines, ethers,and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, X¹ and X² together form a part of a fused ring or aring system having from 4 to 62 carbon atoms.

In an embodiment, each of X¹ and X² is independently selected from thegroup consisting of halides, alkyl radicals having from 1 to 7 carbonatoms, benzyl radicals, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, Y is a divalent C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical comprisinga portion that comprises a linker backbone comprising from 1 to 18carbon atoms linking or bridging between nitrogen atoms N¹ and N². In anembodiment, Y is a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical comprising a portion thatcomprises a linker backbone comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms linkingthe nitrogen atoms N¹ and N² wherein the hydrocarbyl comprises O, S,S(O), S(O)₂, Si(R*)₂, P(R), N or N(R*), wherein each R* is independentlya C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbyl. In an embodiment, Y is selected from the groupconsisting of ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—) and 1,2-cyclohexylene, and/or—CH₂CH₂CH₂— derived from propylene. In an embodiment, Y is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—derived from propylene.

In an embodiment, each X is, independently, a halogen or a C₁ to C₇hydrocarbyl radical.

In an embodiment, each X is a benzyl radical. In an embodiment, each R¹,R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³ R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ is,independently, hydrogen, a halogen, or a C₁ to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl radical,or a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radical. In an embodiment, one or more of R¹,R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³ R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ is a methylradical, a fluoride, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹ and R¹⁴ aremethyl radicals; R² through R¹³ and R¹⁵ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; and Yis ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—).

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals; R², R³, R⁵ through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁸through R²⁸ are hydrogen; and Y is ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—).

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹ and R¹⁴ aremethyl radicals; R⁴ and R¹⁷ are fluoro (F) functional groups; R², R³, R⁵through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; and Y isethylene —CH₂CH₂—).

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals; R⁸, R¹¹, R²¹ and R²⁴ are tert-butylradicals; R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R¹⁹,R²⁰, R²², R²³, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ are hydrogen; and

-   Y is ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—).

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals; R⁸, R¹¹, R²¹ and R²⁴ are mesityl radicals;R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²²,R²³, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ are hydrogen; and

-   Y is ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—).

In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises Group 3, 4, 5 and/or 6disubstituted compounds supported by a tetradentate di-anionic Salanligand, useful to polymerize olefins and/or α-olefins to producepolyolefins and/or poly(α-olefins). In an embodiment, the catalystcompounds are represented by the following structure:

where each solid line represents a covalent bond and each dashed linerepresents a bond having varying degrees of covalency and a varyingdegree of coordination;

-   M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal covalently bonded to each    oxygen atom, and bonded with varying degrees of covalency and    coordination to each of nitrogen atoms N¹ and N²;-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is independently, a hydrogen,    a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, a functional group comprising elements from    Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or two or more of    R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic    or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof, subject to    the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted carbazole    radical; and-   Y is a divalent hydrocarbyl radical covalently bonded to and    bridging between both of the nitrogen atoms N¹ and N². In an    embodiment, two or more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together    to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure.    Accordingly, an embodiment of the instant disclosure is directed to    non-symmetrical Salan catalysts. The Salan catalysts disclosed in an    embodiment herein are devoid of a symmetry element, having a    non-symmetric or non-palindromic structure. By non-symmetric, it is    meant that the two phenol moieties of the Salan compound are    substituted differently when comparing the substitutions of one    phenol, which comprises a carbazole or substituted carbazole    radical, and the other phenol which does not comprise a carbazole or    a substituted carbazole radical at position R¹⁹ (i.e., subject to    the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted carbazole    radical), as is shown in the above structure.

In an embodiment, the catalyst compounds are represented by the formula:

wherein A is a heteroaryl radical;

-   M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹    is independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, a functional    group comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of    the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R⁵ and R¹⁴ to R²¹ may    independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic    ring structure, or a combination thereof, subject to the proviso    that R¹⁹ is not identical to A; and-   Y and Z together form a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical.

In an embodiment, A comprises a heteroaryl radical comprising nitrogen.In an embodiment A comprises a carbazolyl radical. In an embodiment, R¹⁹is a carbazole that is substituted differently than R⁶-R¹³ of thecarbazolyl radical A. E.g., if all of R⁶ through R¹³ of the carbazolylradical A are hydrogen (unsubstituted), then in an embodiment, R¹⁹comprises a carbazole ring wherein one or more of the substituents ofthe R¹⁹ carbazole ring are substituted. In an embodiment, if one or moreof R⁶ through R¹³ of the carbazolyl radical A are substituted, then thecorresponding substituents of an R¹⁹ carbazole ring are unsubstituted,each have different substituents, or the substituents are located atdifferent positions relative to the ring structure. In an embodiment,R¹⁹ is not a nitrogen containing heteroaryl. In an embodiment, R¹⁹ is anitrogen containing heteroaryl other than carbazole. In an embodiment,R¹⁹ comprises hydrogen or a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl.

In an embodiment, a catalyst compound is represented by the structure

wherein A is represented by the structure attached at the carbazolenitrogen atom:

where each solid line represents a covalent bond and each dashed linerepresents a bond having varying degrees of covalency and a varyingdegree of coordination;

-   M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal covalently bonded to each    oxygen atom, and bonded with varying degrees of covalency and    coordination to each of nitrogen atoms N¹ and N²;-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is independently, a hydrogen,    a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, a functional group comprising elements from    Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or a combination    thereof, subject to the proviso that R¹⁹ is not identical to A; and-   Y and Z form a divalent hydrocarbyl radical covalently bonded to and    bridging between both of the nitrogen atoms N¹ and N². In an    embodiment, Y is identical to Z. In an embodiment, Y is different    to Z. In an embodiment, two or more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently    join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring    structure.

In an embodiment, M is a Group 4 metal, or M is Hf, Ti and/or Zr, or Mis Hf or Zr. In an embodiment, each of X¹ and X² is independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1to 20 carbon atoms, hydrides, amides, alkoxides having from 1 to 20carbon atoms, sulfides, phosphides, halides, amines, phosphines, ethers,and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, X¹ and X² together form a part of a fused ring or aring system having from 4 to 62 carbon atoms.

In an embodiment, each of X¹ and X² is independently selected from thegroup consisting of halides, alkyl radicals having from 1 to 7 carbonatoms, benzyl radicals, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, Y is a divalent C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical comprisinga portion that comprises a linker backbone comprising from 1 to 18carbon atoms linking or bridging between nitrogen atoms N¹ and N². In anembodiment, Y is a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical comprising a portion thatcomprises a linker backbone comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms linkingthe nitrogen atoms N¹ and N² wherein the hydrocarbyl comprises O, S,S(O), S(O)₂, Si(R*)₂, P(R*), N or N(R*), wherein each R* isindependently a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbyl. In an embodiment, Y is selected fromthe group consisting of ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—) and 1,2-cyclohexylene,and/or —CH₂CH₂CH₂— derived from propylene. In an embodiment, Y is—CH₂CH₂CH₂— derived from propylene.

In an embodiment, each X is, independently, a halogen or a C₁ to C₇hydrocarbyl radical.

In an embodiment, each X is a benzyl radical. In an embodiment, each R¹,R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, or a C₁to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl radical, or a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radical, subjectto the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted carbazoleradical. In an embodiment, one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷,R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹is a methyl radical, a bromine, an adamantyl radical, or a combinationthereof.

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl; R¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl;R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen; R¹⁷ and R¹⁹ arebromine; and Y is —CH₂CH₂—.

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl; R¹, R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ aremethyl; R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen; R¹⁹ is1-adamantyl; and Y is —CH₂CH₂—.

In an embodiment, M is Hf; X¹ and X² are benzyl; R¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl;R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen; R¹⁷ is methyl;R¹⁹ is 1-adamantyl; and Y is —CH₂CH₂—.

In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises a compound represented by theformula:

where each solid line represents a covalent bond and each dashed linerepresents a bond having varying degrees of covalency and a varyingdegree of coordination;

-   M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal covalently bonded to each    oxygen atom, and bonded with varying degrees of covalency and    coordination to each of nitrogen atoms N¹ and N²;-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is, independently, a    hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group    comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the    elements, or a combination thereof;-   wherein at least one of R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, or    R²⁰ comprise fluorine; and-   Y is a divalent hydrocarbyl radical covalently bonded to and    bridging between both of the nitrogen atoms N¹ and N².

In an embodiment, two or more of R¹ to R²² may independently jointogether to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure.Accordingly, the instant disclosure is directed to non-symmetrical Salancatalysts. The Salan catalysts disclosed herein are at least partiallyfluorinated, and may include perfluorinated or partially perfluorinatedaromatic ring systems as substituents.

In an embodiment, the catalyst compound is represented by the followingformula:

wherein substituent A is represented by the following formula, attachedto the benzene ring:

wherein substituent A′ is represented by the following formula attachedto the benzene ring:

where each solid line represents a covalent bond and each dashed linerepresents a bond having varying degrees of covalency and a varyingdegree of coordination;

-   M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal covalently bonded to each    oxygen atom, and bonded with varying degrees of covalency and    coordination to each of nitrogen atoms N¹ and N²;-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is, independently, a    hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group    comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the    elements, or a combination thereof;-   at least one of R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, or R²⁰    comprise fluorine; and    Y and Z form divalent hydrocarbyl radical covalently bonded to and    bridging between both of the nitrogen atoms N¹ and N². In an    embodiment, two or more of R¹ to R²² may independently join together    to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure. In an    embodiment, Y is identical to Z. In an embodiment, Y is different    than Z.

For purposes herein, a perfluorinated ring is defined as a ring systemwherein each of the available hydrogen atoms are substituted with afluorine atom, also referred to as a fluoride.

In an embodiment, M is a Group 4 metal, or M is Hf, Ti and/or Zr, or Mis Ti or Zr. In an embodiment, each of X¹ and X² is independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1to 20 carbon atoms, hydrides, amides, alkoxides having from 1 to 20carbon atoms, sulfides, phosphides, halides, amines, phosphines, ethers,and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, X¹ and X² together form a part of a fused ring or aring system having from 4 to 62 carbon atoms.

In an embodiment, each of X¹ and X² is independently selected from thegroup consisting of halides, alkyl radicals having from 1 to 7 carbonatoms, benzyl radicals, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, Y is a divalent C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical comprisinga portion that comprises a linker backbone comprising from 1 to 18carbon atoms linking or bridging between nitrogen atoms N¹ and N². In anembodiment, Y is a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical comprising a portion thatcomprises a linker backbone comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms linkingthe nitrogen atoms N¹ and N² wherein the hydrocarbyl comprises O, S,S(O), S(O)₂, Si(R*)₂, P(R*), N or N(R*), wherein each R* isindependently a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbyl. In an embodiment, Y is selected fromthe group consisting of ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—) and 1,2-cyclohexylene,and/or —CH₂CH₂CH₂— derived from propylene. In an embodiment, Y is—CH₂CH₂CH₂— derived from propylene.

In an embodiment, each X is, independently, a halogen or a C₁ to C₇hydrocarbyl radical. In an embodiment, each X is a benzyl radical.

In an embodiment, each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹,R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² isindependently, hydrogen, a halogen, or a C₁ to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl radical,or a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radical.

In an embodiment, one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹,R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is amethyl radical, or a fluoride, which may also be referred to as afluorine or a fluorine functional group.

In an embodiment, M is Ti; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹ and R¹¹ aremethyl radicals; R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen;R⁴, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine;and Y is —CH₂CH₂—.

In an embodiment, M is Ti; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹, R⁴, R¹¹,and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals; R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² arehydrogen; R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine;and Y is —CH₂CH₂—.

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹ and R¹¹ aremethyl radicals; R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen;R⁴, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine;and Y is —CH₂CH₂—.

In an embodiment, M is Zr; X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; R¹, R⁴, R¹¹,and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals; R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² arehydrogen; R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine;and Y is —CH₂CH₂—.

In an embodiment, two or more different catalyst compounds are presentin the catalyst system used herein. In an embodiment, two or moredifferent catalyst compounds are present in the reaction zone where theprocess(es) described herein occur. When two transition metal compoundbased catalysts are used in one reactor as a mixed catalyst system, thetwo transition metal compounds are chosen such that the two arecompatible. Compatible catalysts are those catalysts having similarkinetics of termination and insertion of monomer and comonomer(s) and/ordo not detrimentally interact with each other. For purposes herein, theterm “incompatible catalysts” refers to and means catalysts that satisfyone or more of the following:

-   1) those catalysts that when present together reduce the activity of    at least one of the catalysts by greater than 50%;-   2) those catalysts that under the same reactive conditions produce    polymers such that one of the polymers has a molecular weight that    is more than twice the molecular weight of the other polymer; and-   3) those catalysts that differ in comonomer incorporation or    reactivity ratio under the same conditions by more than about 30%. A    simple screening method such as by ¹H or ¹³C NMR, known to those of    ordinary skill in the art, can be used to determine which transition    metal compounds are compatible. In an embodiment, the catalyst    systems use the same activator for the catalyst compounds. In an    embodiment, two or more different activators, such as a    non-coordinating anion activator and an alumoxane, can be used in    combination. If one or more catalyst compounds contain an X¹ or X²    ligand which is not a hydride, or a hydrocarbyl, then in an    embodiment the alumoxane is contacted with the catalyst compounds    prior to addition of the non-coordinating anion activator.

In an embodiment, when two transition metal compounds (pre-catalysts)are utilized, they may be used in any ratio. In an embodiment, a molarratio of a first transition metal compound (A) to a second transitionmetal compound (B) will fall within the range of (A:B) 1:1000 to 1000:1,or 1:100 to 500:1, or 1:10 to 200:1, or 1:1 to 100:1, or 1:1 to 75:1, or5:1 to 50:1. The particular ratio chosen will depend on the exactpre-catalysts chosen, the method of activation, and the end productdesired. In an embodiment, when using two pre-catalysts, where both areactivated with the same activator, useful mole percents, based upon thetotal moles of the pre-catalysts, are 10:90 to 0.1:99, or 25:75 to 99:1,or 50:50 to 99.5:0.5, or 50:50 to 99:1, or 75:25 to 99:1, or 90:10 to99:1.

Methods to Prepare the Catalyst Compounds.

In embodiments the symmetric transition metal compounds may be preparedby two general synthetic routes. The parent salan ligands are preparedby a one-step Mannich reaction from the parent phenol (Reaction A) or bya two-step imine-condensation/alkylation procedure if the salicylaldehyde is used (Reaction B). The ligand is then converted into themetal dibenzyl catalyst precursor by reaction with the metal tetra-arylstarting material, e.g., tetrabenzyl, to yield the finished complex(Reaction C).

Activators

The terms “cocatalyst” and “activator” are used interchangeably todescribe activators and are defined to be any compound which canactivate any one of the catalyst compounds described above by convertingthe neutral catalyst compound to a catalytically active catalystcompound cation. Non-limiting activators, for example, includealumoxanes, aluminum alkyls, ionizing activators, which may be neutralor ionic, and conventional-type cocatalysts. Activators may includealumoxane compounds, modified alumoxane compounds, and ionizing anionprecursor compounds that abstract a reactive, σ-bound, metal ligandmaking the metal complex cationic and providing a charge-balancingnoncoordinating or weakly coordinating anion.

In one embodiment, alumoxane activators are utilized as an activator inthe catalyst composition. Alumoxanes are generally oligomeric compoundscontaining —Al(R¹)—O— sub-units, where R¹ is an alkyl radical. Examplesof alumoxanes include methylalumoxane (MAO), modified methylalumoxane(MMAO), ethylalumoxane and isobutylalumoxane. Alkylalumoxanes andmodified alkylalumoxanes are suitable as catalyst activators,particularly when the catalyst precursor compound comprises anabstractable ligand which is an alkyl, halide, alkoxide or amide.Mixtures of different alumoxanes and modified alumoxanes may also beused. In an embodiment, visually clear methylalumoxane may be used. Acloudy or gelled alumoxane can be filtered to produce a clear solutionor clear alumoxane can be decanted from the cloudy solution. A usefulalumoxane is a modified methyl alumoxane (MMAO) described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,041,584 and/or commercially available from Akzo Chemicals, Inc.under the trade designation Modified Methylalumoxane type 3A. Solidalumoxanes may also be used.

When the activator is an alumoxane (modified or unmodified), in anembodiment, the maximum amount of activator at a 5000-fold molar excessAl/M over the catalyst compound (per metal catalytic site). In anembodiment, the minimum activator-to-catalyst-compound, which isdetermined according to molar concentration of the transition metal M,in an embodiments is 1 mole aluminum or less to mole of transition metalM. In an embodiment, the activator comprises alumoxane and the alumoxaneis present at a ratio of 1 mole aluminum or more to mole of catalystcompound. In an embodiment, the minimum activator-to-catalyst-compoundmolar ratio is a 1:1 molar ratio. Other embodiments of Al:M rangesinclude from 1:1 to 500:1, or from 1:1 to 200:1, or from 1:1 to 100:1,or from 1:1 to 50:1.

In an embodiment, little or no alumoxane (i.e., less than 0.001 wt %) isused in the polymerization processes described herein. In an embodiment,alumoxane is present at 0.00 mole %, or the alumoxane is present at amolar ratio of aluminum to catalyst compound transition metal less than500:1, or less than 300:1, or less than 100:1, or less than 1:1.

The term “non-coordinating anion” (NCA) refers to an anion which eitherdoes not coordinate to a cation, or which is only weakly coordinated toa cation thereby remaining sufficiently labile to be displaced by aneutral Lewis base. “Compatible” non-coordinating anions are those whichare not degraded to neutrality when the initially formed complexdecomposes. Further, the anion will not transfer an anionic substituentor fragment to the cation so as to cause it to form a neutral transitionmetal compound and a neutral by-product from the anion. Non-coordinatinganions useful in accordance with this invention are those that arecompatible with the polymerization or catalyst system, stabilize thetransition metal cation in the sense of balancing its ionic charge at+1, and yet are sufficiently labile to permit displacement duringpolymerization.

In an embodiment, an ionizing or stoichiometric activator may be used,which may be neutral or ionic, such as tri(n-butyl) ammonium boronmetalloid precursor, polyhalogenated heteroborane anions (WO 98/43983),boric acid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,459), or a combination thereof. In anembodiment, neutral or ionic activators alone or in combination withalumoxane or modified alumoxane activators may be used.

Examples of neutral stoichiometric activators include tri-substitutedboron, tellurium, aluminum, gallium, and indium, or mixtures thereof.The three substituent groups or radicals can be the same or differentand in an embodiment are each independently selected from substituted orunsubstituted alkyls, alkenyls, alkynes, aryls, alkoxy, and halogens. Inan embodiment, the three groups are independently selected from halogen,mono or multicyclic (including halosubstituted) aryls, alkyls, andalkenyl compounds, and mixtures thereof; or independently selected fromalkenyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkyl radicals having 1 to20 carbon atoms, alkoxy radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and aryl orsubstituted aryl radicals having 3 to 20 carbon atoms. In an embodiment,the three substituent groups are alkyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, phenyl, naphthyl, or mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, thethree groups are halogenated aryl groups, e.g., fluorinated aryl groups.In an embodiment the neutral stoichiometric activator is trisperfluorophenyl boron or tris perfluoronaphthyl boron.

In an embodiment, ionic stoichiometric activator compounds may includean active proton, or some other cation associated with, but notcoordinated to, or only loosely coordinated to the remaining ion of theionizing compound. Suitable examples include compounds and the likedescribed in European publications EP 0 570 982 A; EP 0 520 732 A; EP 0495 375 A; EP 0 500 944 B1; EP 0 277 003 A; EP 0 277 004 A; U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,153,157; 5,198,401; 5,066,741; 5,206,197; 5,241,025; 5,384,299;5,502,124; and WO 1996/04319; all of which are herein fully incorporatedby reference.

In an embodiment compounds useful as an activator comprise a cation,which is, for example, a Bronsted acid capable of donating a proton, anda compatible non-coordinating anion which anion is relatively large(bulky), capable of stabilizing the active catalyst species (the Group 4cation, e.g.) which is formed when the two compounds are combined andsaid anion will be sufficiently labile to be displaced by olefinic,diolefinic or acetylenically unsaturated substrates or other neutralLewis bases, such as ethers, amines, and the like. Two classes of usefulcompatible non-coordinating anions are disclosed in EP 0 277,003 A1, andEP 0 277,004 A1, which include anionic coordination complexes comprisinga plurality of lipophilic radicals covalently coordinated to andshielding a central charge-bearing metal or metalloid core; and anionscomprising a plurality of boron atoms such as carboranes,metallacarboranes, and boranes.

In an embodiment, the stoichiometric activators include a cation and ananion component, and may be represented by the following formula (1):(Z)_(d) ⁺(A^(d−))  (1)wherein Z is (L-H) or a reducible Lewis Acid, L is a neutral Lewis base;H is hydrogen; (L-H)⁺ is a Bronsted acid; A^(d−) is a non-coordinatinganion having the charge d−; and d is an integer from 1 to 3.

When Z is (L-H) such that the cation component is (L-H)_(d) ⁺, thecation component may include Bronsted acids such as protonated Lewisbases capable of protonating a moiety, such as an alkyl or aryl, fromthe catalyst precursor, resulting in a cationic transition metalspecies, or the activating cation (L-H)_(d) ⁺ is a Bronsted acid,capable of donating a proton to the catalyst precursor resulting in atransition metal cation, including ammoniums, oxoniums, phosphoniums,silyliums, and mixtures thereof, or ammoniums of methylamine, aniline,dimethylamine, diethylamine, N-methylaniline, diphenylamine,trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, methyldiphenylamine,pyridine, p-bromo N,N-dimethylaniline, p-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline,phosphoniums from triethylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, anddiphenylphosphine, oxoniums from ethers, such as dimethyl ether diethylether, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane, sulfoniums from thioethers, such asdiethyl thioethers and tetrahydrothiophene, and mixtures thereof.

When Z is a reducible Lewis acid it may be represented by the formula:(Ar₃C⁺), where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, or a C₁to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, the reducible Lewis acid may be represented by theformula: (Ph₃C⁺), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with aheteroatom, and/or a C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl. In an embodiment, thereducible Lewis acid is triphenyl carbenium.

Embodiments of the anion component A^(d−) include those having theformula [M^(k+)Q_(n)]^(d−) wherein k is 1, 2, or 3; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5or 6, or 3, 4, 5 or 6; n−k=d; M is an element selected from Group 13 ofthe Periodic Table of the Elements, or boron or aluminum, and Q isindependently a hydride, bridged or unbridged dialkylamido, halide,alkoxide, aryloxide, hydrocarbyl radicals, said Q having up to 20 carbonatoms with the proviso that in not more than one occurrence is Q ahalide, and two Q groups may form a ring structure. Each Q may be afluorinated hydrocarbyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or each Qis a fluorinated aryl radical, or each Q is a pentafluoryl aryl radical.Examples of suitable A^(d−) components also include diboron compounds asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,895, which is fully incorporated hereinby reference.

In an embodiment, this invention relates to a method to polymerizeolefins comprising contacting olefins (e.g., ethylene) with a Salancatalyst compound, a chain transfer agent (CTA) and a boron containingNCA activator represented by the formula (1) where: Z is (L-H) or areducible Lewis acid; L is an neutral Lewis base (as further describedabove); H is hydrogen; (L-H) is a Bronsted acid (as further describedabove); A^(d−) is a boron containing non-coordinating anion having thecharge d⁻(as further described above); d is 1, 2, or 3.

In an embodiment in any of the NCA's represented by Formula 1 describedabove, the anion component A^(d−) is represented by the formula[M*^(k)*⁺Q*_(n*)]^(d)*⁻ wherein k* is 1, 2, or 3; n* is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,or 6 (or 1, 2, 3, or 4); n*−k*=d*; M* is boron; and Q* is independentlyselected from hydride, bridged or unbridged dialkylamido, halogen,alkoxide, aryloxide, hydrocarbyl radicals, said Q* having up to 20carbon atoms with the proviso that in not more than 1 occurrence is Q* ahalogen.

This invention also relates to a method to polymerize olefins comprisingcontacting olefins (such as ethylene) with a Salan catalyst compound asdescribed above, which may include a CTA and an NCA activatorrepresented by the Formula (2):R_(n)M**(ArNHal)_(4-n)  (2)where R is a monoanionic ligand; M** is a Group 13 metal or metalloid;ArNHal is a halogenated, nitrogen-containing aromatic ring, polycyclicaromatic ring, or aromatic ring assembly in which two or more rings (orfused ring systems) are joined directly to one another or together; andn is 0, 1, 2, or 3. Typically the NCA comprising an anion of Formula 2also comprises a suitable cation that is essentially non-interferingwith the ionic catalyst complexes formed with the transition metalcompounds, or the cation is Z_(d) ⁺ as described above.

In an embodiment in any of the NCA's comprising an anion represented byFormula 2 described above, R is selected from the group consisting of C₁to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl radicals. In an embodiment, C₁ to C₃₀ hydrocarbylradicals may be substituted with one or more C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbylradicals, halide, hydrocarbyl substituted organometalloid, dialkylamido,alkoxy, aryloxy, alkysulfido, arylsulfido, alkylphosphido,arylphosphide, or other anionic substituent; fluoride; bulky alkoxides,where bulky means C₄ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radicals; —SR¹, —NR² ₂, and —PR³₂, where each R¹, R², or R³ is independently a C₁ to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl asdefined above; or a C₁ to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl substituted organometalloid.

In an embodiment in any of the NCA's comprising an anion represented byFormula 2 described above, the NCA also comprises cation comprising areducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ar₃C⁺), where Ar isaryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, and/or a C₁ to C₄₀hydrocarbyl, or the reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula:(Ph₃C⁺), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or moreheteroatoms, and/or C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyls.

In an embodiment in any of the NCA's comprising an anion represented byFormula 2 described above, the NCA may also comprise a cationrepresented by the formula, (L-H)_(d) ⁺, wherein L is an neutral Lewisbase; H is hydrogen; (L-H) is a Bronsted acid; and d is 1, 2, or 3, or(L-H)_(d) ⁺ is a Bronsted acid selected from ammoniums, oxoniums,phosphoniums, silyliums, and mixtures thereof.

Further examples of useful activators include those disclosed in U.S.Pat. Nos. 7,297,653 and 7,799,879, which are fully incorporated byreference herein.

In an embodiment, an activator useful herein comprises a salt of acationic oxidizing agent and a noncoordinating, compatible anionrepresented by the Formula (3):(OX^(e+))_(d)(A^(d−))_(e)  (3)wherein OX^(e+) is a cationic oxidizing agent having a charge of e+; eis 1, 2, or 3; d is 1, 2 or 3; and A^(d−) is a non-coordinating anionhaving the charge of d− (as further described above). Examples ofcationic oxidizing agents include: ferrocenium, hydrocarbyl-substitutedferrocenium, Ag⁺, or Pb⁺². Suitable embodiments of A^(d−) includetetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.

In an embodiment, the Salan catalyst compounds, CTA's, and/or NCA'sdescribed herein can be used with bulky activators. A “bulky activator”as used herein refers to anionic activators represented by the formula:

where each R₁ is, independently, a halide, or a fluoride;

-   each R₂ is, independently, a halide, a C₆ to C₂₀ substituted    aromatic hydrocarbyl radical or a siloxy group of the formula    —O—Si—R_(a), where R_(a) is a C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl or    hydrocarbylsilyl radical (or R₂ is a fluoride or a perfluorinated    phenyl radical);-   each R₃ is a halide, C₆ to C₂₀ substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl    radical or a siloxy group of the formula —O—Si—R_(a), where R_(a) is    a C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical or hydrocarbylsilyl group (or R₃ is    a fluoride or a C₆ perfluorinated aromatic hydrocarbyl radical);    wherein R₂ and R₃ can form one or more saturated or unsaturated,    substituted or unsubstituted rings (or R₂ and R₃ form a    perfluorinated phenyl ring);-   L is an neutral Lewis base; (L-H)⁺ is a Bronsted acid; d is 1, 2, or    3;-   wherein the anion has a molecular weight of greater than 1020 g/mol;    and-   wherein at least three of the substituents on the B atom each have a    molecular volume of greater than 250 cubic Å, or greater than 300    cubic Å, or greater than 500 cubic Å.

“Molecular volume” is used herein as an approximation of spatial stericbulk of an activator molecule in solution. Comparison of substituentswith differing molecular volumes allows the substituent with the smallermolecular volume to be considered “less bulky” in comparison to thesubstituent with the larger molecular volume. Conversely, a substituentwith a larger molecular volume may be considered “more bulky” than asubstituent with a smaller molecular volume.

Molecular volume may be calculated as reported in “A Simple “Back of theEnvelope” Method for Estimating the Densities and Molecular Volumes ofLiquids and Solids,” Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 71, No. 11,November 1994, pp. 962-964. Molecular volume (MV), in units of cubic Å,is calculated using the formula: MV=8.3V_(s), where V_(s) is the scaledvolume. V_(s) is the sum of the relative volumes of the constituentatoms, and is calculated from the molecular formula of the substituentusing the following table of relative volumes. For fused rings, theV_(s) is decreased by 7.5% per fused ring.

Element Relative Volume H 1 1^(st) short period, Li to F 2 2^(nd) shortperiod, Na to Cl 4 1^(st) long period, K to Br 5 2^(nd) long period, Rbto I 7.5 3^(rd) long period, Cs to Bi 9

Exemplary bulky substituents of activators suitable herein and theirrespective scaled volumes and molecular volumes are shown in the tablebelow. The dashed bonds indicate binding to boron, as in the generalformula above.

Molecular Formula of MV Total each Per subst. MV Activator Structure ofboron substituents substituent (Å³) (Å³) Dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate

C₁₀F₇ 261 1044 Dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate

C₁₂F₉ 349 1396 [4-tButyl-PhNMe₂II] [(C₆F₃(C₆F₅)₂)₄B]

C₁₈F₁₃ 515 2060

Exemplary bulky activators useful in catalyst systems herein include:

-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   [4-tert-butyl-PhNMe₂H][(C₆F₃(C₆F₅)₂)₄B], and the types disclosed in    U.S. Pat. No. 7,297,653, which is fully incorporated by reference    herein.

Illustrative, but not limiting, examples of boron compounds which may beused as an activator in the processes according to the instantdisclosure include:

-   trimethylammonium tetraphenylborate,-   triethylammonium tetraphenylborate,-   tripropylammonium tetraphenylborate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetraphenylborate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetraphenylborate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetraphenylborate,-   tropillium tetraphenylborate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetraphenylborate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate,-   triethylsilylium tetraphenylborate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetraphenylborate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(sec-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   tripropyl ammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluoro-phenyl)borate,-   dimethyl(tert-butyl)ammonium    tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium    tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium    tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,    and-   dialkyl ammonium salts, such as:-   di-(i-propyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, and-   dicyclohexylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate; and    additional tri-substituted phosphonium salts, such as    tri(o-tolyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, and    tri(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phosphonium    tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.

Suitable activators include:

-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium    tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate,-   [Ph₃C⁺][B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻], [Me₃NH⁺][B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻];    1-(4-(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)pyrrolidinium;    and tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    4-(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine.

In an embodiment, the activator comprises a triaryl carbonium (such astriphenylcarbenium tetraphenylborate,

-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate).

In an embodiment, the activator comprises one or more oftrialkylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,

-   N,N-dialkylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   trialkylammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dialkylanilinium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   trialkylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dialkylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   trialkylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dialkylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   trialkylammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-dialkylanilinium tetrakis    (3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-dialkyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   di-(i-propyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   (where alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, or    tert-butyl).

In an embodiment, any of the activators described herein may be mixedtogether before or after combination with the catalyst compound and/orCTA and/or NCA, or before being mixed with the catalyst compound and/orCTA, and/or NCA.

In an embodiment two NCA activators may be used in the polymerizationand the molar ratio of the first NCA activator to the second NCAactivator can be any ratio. In an embodiment, the molar ratio of thefirst NCA activator to the second NCA activator is 0.01:1 to 10,000:1,or 0.1:1 to 1000:1, or 1:1 to 100:1.

In an embodiment, the NCA activator-to-catalyst ratio is a 1:1 molarratio, or 0.1:1 to 100:1, or 0.5:1 to 200:1, or 1:1 to 500:1 or 1:1 to1000:1. In an embodiment, the NCA activator-to-catalyst ratio is 0.5:1to 10:1, or 1:1 to 5:1.

In an embodiment, the catalyst compounds can be combined withcombinations of alumoxanes and NCA's (see for example, U.S. Pat. No.5,153,157, U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,410, EP 0 573 120 B1, WO 94/07928, and WO95/14044 which discuss the use of an alumoxane in combination with anionizing activator, all of which are incorporated by reference herein).

Feed Pre-Treatment, Scavengers or Co-Activators

Generally, when using catalysts according the invention, in someembodiments it may be important to pre-treat the feed components toremove any impurities in olefins, solvents, or diluents or the inertgases (nitrogen or argon) used to blanket the reactor. The feedpre-treatment is usually conducted by passing the liquid or gaseous feedstream over at least one bed of activated molecular sieves, such as 13X,5A, 4A, 3A molecular sieve. In some embodiments according to theinvention, the molecular sieve is a spherical alumina-zeolite adsorbenthaving a mesh size of 5×8 (2.4-4 mm), 7×14 (1.4-2.8 mm) or the like,commercially available under the trade designation UOP AZ-300 adsorbent.Sometimes, two beds of the same or different molecular sieves are used.Sometimes, a special oxygenate removal catalyst bed is also employed.Such oxygenate removal catalysts include various reduced copper oxidecatalyst or reduced copper chromite catalyst. After carefulpre-treatment of feed olefins, solvents, diluents and after carefulprecaution to keep the catalyst component stream(s) and reactor free ofany impurities, as would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in theart, the reaction should proceed well. In a preferred embodiment,particularly in the case where the catalyst is immobilized on a support,the complete catalyst system will additionally comprise one or morescavenging compounds. Here, the term scavenging compound means acompound that removes polar impurities from the reaction environment.These impurities may adversely affect catalyst activity and stability.Typically, purifying steps are used before introducing reactioncomponents to a reaction vessel. But such steps will rarely allowpolymerization or oligomerization without using some scavengingcompounds. Normally, the polymerization process will still use at leastsmall amounts of scavenging compounds.

Typically, the scavenging compound will be an organometallic compoundsuch as the Group-13 organometallic compounds of U.S. Pat. Nos.5,153,157, 5,241,025 and WO-A-91/09882, WO-A-94/03506, WO-A-93/14132,and that of WO 95/07941. Exemplary compounds include triethyl aluminum,triethyl borane, tri-iso-butyl aluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride,methyl aluminoxane, iso-butyl aluminoxane, and tri-n-octyl aluminum.Those scavenging compounds having bulky or C₆-C₂₀ linear hydrocarbylsubstituents connected to the metal or metalloid center usually minimizeadverse interaction with the active catalyst. Examples includetriethylaluminum, but more preferably, bulky compounds such astri-iso-butyl aluminum, tri-iso-prenyl aluminum, and long-chain linearalkyl-substituted aluminum compounds, such as tri-n-hexyl aluminum,tri-n-octyl aluminum, or tri-n-dodecyl aluminum. When aluminoxane isused as the activator, any excess over that needed for activation willscavenge impurities and additional scavenging compounds may beunnecessary. Aluminoxanes also may be added in scavenging quantitieswith other activators, e.g., methylaluminoxane, [Me₂HNPh]⁺[B(pfp)₄]⁻ orB(pfp)₃, where pfp is perfluorophenyl (C₆F₅)Me is methyl and Ph isphenyl.

In an embodiment the catalyst system may further include scavengersand/or co-activators. Suitable aluminum alkyl or organoaluminumcompounds which may be utilized as scavengers or co-activators include,for example, trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutyl aluminum,tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octyl aluminum and the like. Other oxophilicspecies such as diethyl zinc may be used. In an embodiment, thescavengers and/or co-activators are present at less than 14 wt %, orfrom 0.1 to 10 wt %, or from 0.5 to 7 wt %, by weight of the catalystsystem.

Catalyst Supports

In an embodiment, the catalyst system may comprise an inert supportmaterial. In an embodiment, the support material comprises a poroussupport material, for example, talc, and/or inorganic oxides. Othersuitable support materials include zeolites, clays, organoclays, or anyother organic or inorganic support material and the like, or mixturesthereof.

In an embodiment, the support material is an inorganic oxide in a finelydivided form. Suitable inorganic oxide materials for use in catalystsystems herein include Groups 2, 4, 13, and 14 metal oxides, such assilica, alumina, and mixtures thereof. Other inorganic oxides that maybe employed either alone or in combination with the silica, and/oralumina include magnesia, titania, zirconia, montmorillonite,phyllosilicate, and/or the like. Other suitable support materialsinclude finely divided functionalized polyolefins, such as finelydivided polyethylene.

In an embodiment, the support material may have a surface area in therange of from about 10 to about 700 m²/g, pore volume in the range offrom about 0.1 to about 4.0 cc/g and average particle size in the rangeof from about 5 to about 500 μm, or the surface area of the supportmaterial is in the range of from about 50 to about 500 m²/g, pore volumeof from about 0.5 to about 3.5 cc/g and average particle size of fromabout 10 to about 200 μm. In an embodiment, a majority portion of thesurface area of the support material is in the range is from about 100to about 400 m²/g, pore volume from about 0.8 to about 3.0 cc/g andaverage particle size is from about 5 to about 100 μm. In an embodiment,the average pore size of the support material is in the range of from 10to 1000 Å, or 50 to about 500 Å, or 75 to about 350 Å. In an embodiment,the support material is a high surface area, amorphous silica having asurface area greater than or equal to about 300 m²/g, and/or a porevolume of 1.65 cm³/gm. Suitable silicas are marketed under thetradenames of Davison 952 or Davison 955 by the Davison ChemicalDivision of W.R. Grace and Company. In an embodiment the support maycomprise Davison 948.

In an embodiment, the support material should be essentially dry, thatis, essentially free of absorbed water. Drying of the support materialcan be effected by heating or calcining at about 100° C. to about 1000°C., or at a temperature of at least about 400° C., or 500° C., or 600°C. When the support material is silica, it is heated to at least 200°C., or about 200° C. to about 850° C., or at least 600° C. for a time ofabout 1 minute to about 100 hours, or from about 12 hours to about 72hours, or from about 24 hours to about 60 hours. In an embodiment, thecalcined support material must have at least some reactive hydroxyl (OH)groups to produce supported catalyst systems according to the instantdisclosure.

In an embodiment, the calcined support material is contacted with atleast one polymerization catalyst comprising at least one catalystcompound and an activator. In an embodiment, the support material,having reactive surface groups, typically hydroxyl groups, is slurriedin a non-polar solvent and the resulting slurry is contacted with asolution of a catalyst compound and an activator. In an embodiment, theslurry of the support material is first contacted with the activator fora period of time in the range of from about 0.5 hours to about 24 hours,or from about 2 hours to about 16 hours, or from about 4 hours to about8 hours. The solution of the catalyst compound is then contacted withthe isolated support/activator. In an embodiment, the supported catalystsystem is generated in situ. In alternate embodiment, the slurry of thesupport material is first contacted with the catalyst compound for aperiod of time in the range of from about 0.5 hours to about 24 hours,or from about 2 hours to about 16 hours, or from about 4 hours to about8 hours. The slurry of the supported catalyst compound is then contactedwith the activator solution.

In an embodiment, the mixture of the catalyst, activator and support isheated to about 0° C. to about 70° C., or to about 23° C. to about 60°C., or to room temperature. Contact times typically range from about 0.5hours to about 24 hours, or from about 2 hours to about 16 hours, orfrom about 4 hours to about 8 hours.

Suitable non-polar solvents are materials in which all of the reactantsused herein, i.e., the activator and the catalyst compound are at leastpartially soluble and which are liquid at reaction temperatures.Suitable non-polar solvents include alkanes, such as isopentane, hexane,n-heptane, octane, nonane, and decane, although a variety of othermaterials including cycloalkanes, such as cyclohexane, aromatics, suchas benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene, may also be employed.

Polymerization Processes

Monomers useful herein include substituted or unsubstituted C₂ to C₄₀alpha olefins, or C₂ to C₂₀ alpha olefins, or C₂ to C₁₂ alpha olefins,or ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene,nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene and isomers thereof. In an embodimentof the invention, the polyalphaolefin prepared herein comprises morethan 50 mole % of one or more C₅ to C₂₄ alpha-olefin monomers.

In an embodiment, C₂ to C₄₀ olefin monomers and comonomers includeethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene,decene, undecene, dodecene, norbornene, norbornadiene,dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene,cyclooctadiene, cyclododecene, 7-oxanorbornene, 7-oxanorbornadiene,substituted derivatives thereof, and isomers thereof, or hexene,heptene, octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, cyclooctene,1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1-hydroxy-4-cyclooctene, 1-acetoxy-4-cyclooctene,5-methylcyclopentene, cyclopentene, dicyclopentadiene, norbornene,norbornadiene, and their respective homologs and derivatives, ornorbornene, norbornadiene, and dicyclopentadiene.

In an embodiment, where butene is the comonomer, the butene source maybe a mixed butene stream comprising various isomers of butene. The1-butene monomers are expected to be preferentially consumed by thepolymerization process. Use of such mixed butene streams will provide aneconomic benefit, as these mixed streams are often waste streams fromrefining processes, for example, C₄ raffinate streams, and can thereforebe substantially less expensive than pure 1-butene.

In an embodiment, the monomers include C₅ to C₂₄ olefins, or C₆ to C₁₄olefins, or C₈ to C₁₂ olefins. In an embodiment, monomers includelinear, branched or cyclic alpha-olefins, or C₆ to C₂₀ alpha-olefins, orC₆ to C₁₄ alpha-olefins, and or C₈ to C₁₂ alpha-olefins.

In an embodiment olefin monomers include one or more of hexene, heptene,octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, 3-methyl-1-butene, and tetradecene.

In an embodiment, the process described herein may be used to producePAO homopolymers or copolymers (for the purposes of this invention andthe claims thereto, a co-polymer may comprise two, three, four, or moredifferent monomer units). PAOs produced herein include homopolymers orcopolymers of any of the above monomers. In an embodiment the PAO is ahomopolymer of any C₈ to C₁₂ alpha-olefin. Or the PAO is a homopolymerof 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, or1-dodecene. Or the PAO a homopolymer of decene. In another embodimentthe PAO is a copolymer comprising decene and one or more of any of themonomers listed above.

The alpha-olefins used to make PAOs include, but are not limited to, C₅to C₂₄ alpha-olefins, with the C₆ to C₁₄ alpha-olefins, such as1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene,1-dodecene, 1-tridecene and 1-tetradecene. In an embodiment,polyalpha-olefins include poly-1-hexene, poly-1-heptene, poly-1-octene,poly-1-nonene, poly-1-decene, poly-1-undencene, poly-1-dodecene,poly-1-tridecene, and poly-1-tetradecene, although dimers of higherolefins in the range of C₁₂ to C₁₈ can be present in the final products.Useful PAOs are dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and higherpolymers with carbon numbers starting from C₂₀ and higher made from C₄to C₁₈ alpha-olefins in one embodiment, and polymers with carbon numberstarting from C₂₀ and higher made from C₆ to C₁₄ alpha-olefins inanother embodiment. Suitable olefins include 1-butene, 1-pentene,1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undodecene and1-dodecene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene. In one embodiment, the olefin is1-decene, and the PAO is a mixture of dimers, trimers, tetramers andpentamers (and higher) of 1-decene. In another embodiment, the olefin is1-dodecene, and the PAO is a mixture of trimers, tetramers and pentamers(and higher) of 1-dodecene. In another embodiment, the olefin is1-octene, and the PAO is a mixture of trimers, tetramers and pentamers(and higher) of 1-octene. In another embodiment, the olefin is 1-hexene,and the PAO is a mixture of tetramers and pentamers (and higher) of1-hexene. A particularly advantageous alpha-olefin feedstock from thestandpoint of supply and availability is 1-hexene. There are manysources of 1-hexene. They are available from conventional linearalpha-olefin (LAO) processes, and have recently been producedintentionally in high yield and cheaply from ethylene. Pure 1-hexene isnow available commercially from Fischer-Tropsch processes. Because ofthese diverse sources, there is advantage in using 1-hexene as one ofthe feeds. The presence of 1-hexene in the LAO feed from 0 to 95% issuitable. In a preferred embodiment, 1-hexene is present in the feed inthe amount of about 1 wt % or 10 wt % to about 85 wt % or less, 80 wt %or less, 75 wt % or less, 67 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt % orless, 40 wt % or less, 33 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, 20 wt % orless, or 15 wt % or less as preferred embodiments. The same is true for1-octene, which can be produced selectively from 1-heptene isolated fromFischer-Tropsch synthesis, or from butadiene as described in WO 9210450.Other alpha-olefins such as propylene or 1-butene or combinationsthereof are also very advantageous because propylene and 1-butene arereadily available from refinery or from petrochemical plants. The sourceof propylene can be in pure form (as in chemical grade propylene or asin polymer grade propylene) or in PP stream (propane-propylene stream)or other appropriate forms. The source of 1-butene can be in pure form(as in chemical grade 1-butene or as in polymer grade 1-butene) or in“BB stream” (butane-butene stream, such as Raffinate-1 or Raffinate-2stream, as discussed, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,159), orother appropriate form. 1-Pentene can also be used as one of theadvantageous feeds in the mixed feed. This 1-pentene can be isolatedfrom naphtha steam cracking unit, from other refinery sources, or from aFischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Similar to 1-hexene, in embodimentsthe amount of propylene, 1-butene or 1-pentene can vary from 1 to 95% inthe mixed feed, depending on the needs of the product properties.

The source of the LAO is advantageously from ethylene growth processes,as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,889,385; 4,935,569 (and numerousreferences cited therein); U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,867; and in Chapter 3 ofLappin and Sauer, Alpha-olefins Applications Handbook, Marcel Dekker,Inc., NY 1989. The LAO made from this ethylene growth process containsonly even-number olefins. LAO containing both even- and odd-numberolefins can also be made from steam cracking or thermal cracking of wax,such as petroleum wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, or any other readilyavailable hydrocarbon wax. LAO can also be made in a Fischer-Tropschsynthesis process, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,378 or U.S. Pat.No. 6,673,845 and references therein. LAO made directly from syngassynthesis processes, which can produce significant amounts of C₃-C₁₅alpha-olefins, containing both even- and odd-number olefins.

In an embodiment, the PAO comprises two or more monomers, or three ormore monomers, or four or more monomers, or five or more monomers. Forexample, a C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂-linear alpha-olefin mixture, or a C₆, C₇, C₈,C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₄-linear alpha-olefin mixture, or a C₄, C₆,C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈-linear alpha-olefin mixture can be used as afeed.

In an alternate embodiment, the PAO comprises less than 50 mole % of C₂,C₃ and C₄ monomers, or less than 40 mole %, or less than 30 mole %, orless than 20 mole %, or less than 10 mole %, or less than 5 mole %, orless than 3 mole %, or 0%. Specifically, in an alternate embodiment, thePAO comprises less than 50 mole % of ethylene, propylene and butene, orless than 40 mole %, or less than 30 mole %, or less than 20 mole %, orless than 10 mole %, or less than 5 mole %, or less than 3 mole %, or0%. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than 40 mole % ofethylene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than 40 mole %of propylene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than 40 mole% of butene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than 10 mole% of ethylene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than 10mole % of propylene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than10 mole % of butene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than1 mole % of ethylene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises less than1 mole % of propylene. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises lessthan 1 mole % of butene.

The alpha-olefins used herein can be produced directly from ethylenegrowth process as practiced by several commercial production processes,or they can be produced from Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis fromCO/H2 syngas, or from metathesis of internal olefins with ethylene, orfrom cracking of petroleum or Fischer-Tropsch synthetic wax at hightemperature, or any other alpha-olefin synthesis routes. In anembodiment, a feed for this invention is at least 80 weight %alpha-olefin (or linear alpha-left), or at least 90 weight %alpha-olefin (or linear alpha olefin), or 100% alpha-olefin (or linearalpha-olefin). However, alpha-olefin mixtures can also be used as feedsin this invention, especially if the other components areinternal-olefins, branched olefins, paraffins, cyclic paraffins,aromatics (such as toluene and or xylenes). These components havediluent effects and are believed to not have a substantial detrimentaleffect on the polymerization of alpha-olefins.

In an embodiment, a polymerization processes includes contactingmonomers (such as ethylene and propylene), which may include comonomers,with a catalyst system comprising an activator and at least one catalystcompound, as described above. In an embodiment, the catalyst compoundand activator may be combined in any order, and may be combined prior tocontacting with the monomer. In an embodiment, the catalyst compoundand/or the activator are combined after contacting with the monomer.

Monomers useful herein include substituted or unsubstituted C₂ to C₄₀alpha olefins, or C₂ to C₂₀ alpha olefins, or C₂ to C₁₂ alpha olefins,or ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene,nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene and isomers thereof. In an embodimentof the invention, the monomer comprises propylene and comonomerscomprising one or more ethylene or C₄ to C₄₀ olefins, or C₄ to C₂₀olefins, or C₆ to C₁₂ olefins. The C₄ to C₄₀ olefin monomers may belinear, branched, or cyclic. The C₄ to C₄₀ cyclic olefins may bestrained or unstrained, monocyclic or polycyclic, and may includeheteroatoms and/or one or more functional groups. In an embodiment, themonomer comprises ethylene or ethylene and a comonomer comprising one ormore C₃ to C₄₀ olefins, or C₄ to C₂₀ olefins, or C₆ to C₁₂ olefins. TheC₃ to C₄₀ olefin monomers may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The C₃ toC₄₀ cyclic olefins may be strained or unstrained, monocyclic orpolycyclic, and may include heteroatoms and/or one or more functionalgroups.

Exemplary C₂ to C₄₀ olefin monomers and comonomers include ethylene,propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene,undecene, dodecene, norbornene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene,cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, cyclododecene,7-oxanorbornene, 7-oxanorbornadiene, substituted derivatives thereof,and isomers thereof, or hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene,dodecene, cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1-hydroxy-4-cyclooctene,1-acetoxy-4-cyclooctene, 5-methyl cyclopentene, cyclopentene,dicyclopentadiene, norbornene, norbornadiene, and their respectivehomologs and derivatives, or norbornene, norbornadiene, anddicyclopentadiene.

In an embodiment one or more dienes are present in the polymer producedherein at up to 10 weight %, or at 0.00001 to 1.0 weight %, or 0.002 to0.5 weight %, or 0.003 to 0.2 weight %, based upon the total weight ofthe composition. In an embodiment 500 ppm or less of diene is added tothe polymerization, or 400 ppm or less, or 300 ppm or less. In anembodiment at least 50 ppm of diene is added to the polymerization, or100 ppm or more, or 150 ppm or more.

Diolefin monomers useful in this invention include any hydrocarbonstructure, or C₄ to C₃₀, having at least two unsaturated bonds, whereinat least two of the unsaturated bonds are readily incorporated into apolymer by either a stereospecific or a non-stereospecific catalyst(s).In an embodiment, the diolefin monomers may be selected from alpha,omega-diene monomers (i.e. di-vinyl monomers). Or, the diolefin monomersare linear di-vinyl monomers, most or those containing from 4 to 30carbon atoms. Examples of dienes include butadiene, pentadiene,hexadiene, heptadiene, octadiene, nonadiene, decadiene, undecadiene,dodecadiene, tridecadiene, tetradecadiene, pentadecadiene,hexadecadiene, heptadecadiene, octadecadiene, nonadecadiene, icosadiene,heneicosadiene, docosadiene, tricosadiene, tetracosadiene,pentacosadiene, hexacosadiene, heptacosadiene, octacosadiene,nonacosadiene, triacontadiene, 1,6-heptadiene, 1,7-octadiene,1,8-nonadiene, 1,9-decadiene, 1,10-undecadiene, 1,11-dodecadiene,1,12-tridecadiene, 1,13-tetradecadiene, and low molecular weightpolybutadienes (Mw less than 1000 g/mol). Cyclic dienes includecyclopentadiene, vinylnorbornene, norbornadiene, ethylidene norbornene,divinylbenzene, dicyclopentadiene or higher ring containing diolefinswith or without substituents at various ring positions.

In an embodiment, where butene is the comonomer, the butene source maybe a mixed butene stream comprising various isomers of butene. The1-butene monomers are expected to be preferentially consumed by thepolymerization process. Use of such mixed butene streams will provide aneconomic benefit, as these mixed streams are often waste streams fromrefining processes, for example, C₄ raffinate streams, and can thereforebe substantially less expensive than pure 1-butene.

Polymerization processes according to the instant disclosure may becarried out in any manner known in the art. Any suspension, homogeneous,bulk, solution, slurry, or gas phase polymerization process known in theart can be used. Such processes can be run in a batch, semi-batch, orcontinuous mode. Homogeneous polymerization processes and slurryprocesses are suitable for use herein, wherein a homogeneouspolymerization process is defined to be a process where at least 90 wt %of the product is soluble in the reaction media. A bulk homogeneousprocess is suitable for use herein, wherein a bulk process is defined tobe a process where monomer concentration in all feeds to the reactor is70 volume % or more. In an embodiment, no solvent or diluent is presentor added in the reaction medium, (except for the small amounts used asthe carrier for the catalyst system or other additives, or amountstypically found with the monomer such as propane in propylene). In anembodiment, the process is a slurry process. As used herein the term“slurry polymerization process” means a polymerization process where asupported catalyst is employed and monomers are polymerized on thesupported catalyst particles. At least 95 wt % of polymer productsderived from the supported catalyst are in granular form as solidparticles (not dissolved in the diluent).

Suitable diluents/solvents for polymerization include non-coordinating,inert liquids. Examples include straight and branched-chainhydrocarbons, such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexanes,isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixtures thereof cyclic andalicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane,methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof, such as canbe found commercially (Isopar™); perhalogenated hydrocarbons, such asperfluorinated C₄₋₁₀ alkanes, chlorobenzene, and aromatic and alkylsubstituted aromatic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, mesitylene,and xylene. Suitable solvents also include liquid olefins which may actas monomers or comonomers including ethylene, propylene, 1-butene,1-hexene, 1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-octene,1-decene, and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, aliphatic hydrocarbonsolvents are used as the solvent, such as isobutane, butane, pentane,isopentane, hexanes, isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixturesthereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane,cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixturesthereof. In an embodiment, the solvent is not aromatic, or aromatics arepresent in the solvent at less than 1 wt %, or less than 0.5 wt %, orless than 0.0 wt % based upon the weight of the solvents.

In an embodiment, the feed concentration of the monomers and comonomersfor the polymerization is 60 vol % solvent or less, or 40 vol % or less,or 20 vol % or less, based on the total volume of the feedstream. Or thepolymerization is run in a bulk process.

Polymerizations can be run at any temperature and/or pressure suitableto obtain the desired ethylene polymers. Suitable temperatures and/orpressures include a temperature in the range of from about 0° C. toabout 300° C., or about 20° C. to about 200° C., or about 35° C. toabout 150° C., or about 50° C. to about 150° C., or from about 40° C. toabout 120° C., or from about 45° C. to about 80° C.; and at a pressurein the range of from about 0.35 MPa to about 10 MPa, or from about 0.45MPa to about 6 MPa, or from about 0.5 MPa to about 4 MPa.

In an embodiment, the run time of the reaction is from about 0.1 minutesto about 24 hours, or up to 16 hours, or in the range of from about 5 to250 minutes, or from about 10 to 120 minutes.

In an embodiment, hydrogen is present in the polymerization reactor at apartial pressure of 0.001 to 50 psig (0.007 to 345 kPa), or from 0.01 to25 psig (0.07 to 172 kPa), or 0.1 to 10 psig (0.7 to 70 kPa).

In an embodiment, the activity of the catalyst is at least 50g/mmol/hour, or 500 or more g/mmol/hour, or 5000 or more g/mmol/hr, or50,000 or more g/mmol/hr. In an alternate embodiment, the conversion ofolefin monomer is at least 10%, based upon polymer yield and the weightof the monomer entering the reaction zone, or 20% or more, or 30% ormore, or 50% or more, or 80% or more.

In an embodiment, the polymerization conditions include one or more ofthe following: 1) temperatures of 0 to 300° C. (or 25 to 150° C., or 40to 120° C., or 45 to 80° C.); 2) a pressure of atmospheric pressure to10 MPa (or 0.35 to 10 MPa, or from 0.45 to 6 MPa, or from 0.5 to 4 MPa);3) the presence of an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent (such as isobutane,butane, pentane, isopentane, hexanes, isohexane, heptane, octane,dodecane, and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, suchas cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methyl cycloheptane,and mixtures thereof; or where aromatics are or present in the solventat less than 1 wt %, or less than 0.5 wt %, or at 0 wt % based upon theweight of the solvents); 4) wherein the catalyst system used in thepolymerization comprises less than 0.5 mol %, or 0 mol % alumoxane, orthe alumoxane is present at a molar ratio of aluminum to transitionmetal less than 500:1, or less than 300:1, or less than 100:1, or lessthan 1:1; 5) the polymerization or occurs in one reaction zone; 6) theproductivity of the catalyst compound is at least 80,000 g/mmol/hr (orat least 150,000 g/mmol/hr, or at least 200,000 g/mmol/hr, or at least250,000 g/mmol/hr, or at least 300,000 g/mmol/hr); 7) scavengers (suchas trialkyl aluminum compounds) are absent (present at zero mol %) orthe scavenger is present at a molar ratio of scavenger to transitionmetal of less than 100:1, or less than 50:1, or less than 15:1, or lessthan 10:1; and/or 8). In an embodiment, hydrogen is present in thepolymerization reactor at a partial pressure of 0.007 to 345 kPa (0.001to 50 psig) (or from 0.07 to 172 kPa (0.01 to 25 psig), or 0.7 to 70 kPa(0.1 to 10 psig)).

In an embodiment, the catalyst system used in the polymerizationcomprises no more than one catalyst compound. A “reaction zone” alsoreferred to as a “polymerization zone” is a vessel where polymerizationtakes place, for example a batch reactor. When multiple reactors areused in either series or parallel configuration, each reactor isconsidered as a separate polymerization zone. For a multi-stagepolymerization in both a batch reactor and a continuous reactor, eachpolymerization stage is considered as a separate polymerization zone. Inan embodiment, the polymerization occurs in one reaction zone.

When a solid supported catalyst is used for the conversion, a slurrypolymerization/oligomerization process generally operates in the similartemperature, pressure and residence time range as described previously.In a slurry polymerization or oligomerization, a suspension of solidcatalyst, promoters, monomer and comonomers are added. The suspensionincluding diluent is intermittently or continuously removed from thereactor. The catalyst is then separated from the product by filtration,centrifugation, or settlement. The fluid is then distilled to removesolvent, any unreacted components, and light product. A portion or allof the solvent and unreacted component or light components can berecycled for reuse.

If the catalyst used is un-supported, solution catalyst, when thereaction is complete as in the batch mode, or when the product iswithdrawn from the reactor as in a CSTR, the product may still containsoluble or suspended catalyst components. These components arepreferably deactivated and/or removed. Any of the usual catalystdeactivation methods or aqueous wash methods can be used to remove thecatalyst component. Typically, the reaction is deactivated by additionof stoichiometric amount or excess of air, moisture, alcohol,isopropanol, etc. The mixture may then be washed with dilute sodiumhydroxide or with water to remove catalyst components. The residualorganic layer according to some embodiments of the invention is thensubjected to distillation to remove solvent, which can be recycled forreuse. The distillation can further remove any light reaction productfrom C₁₈ and less, or from C₂₄ and less. These light components can beused as diluent for further reaction. Or they can be used as olefinicraw material for other chemical synthesis, as these light olefin producthave vinylene unsaturation, most suitable for further functionalizationto convert in high performance fluids. Or these light olefin productscan be hydrogenated to be used as high quality paraffinic solvents.

PAO Hydrogenation

In an embodiment according to the invention, the polyalpha-olefinsrecovered from the polymerization may optionally be hydrogenated. Inparticular the polyalpha-olefin product, particularly where it maycontain any heteroatom catalyst components in an amount greater than 600ppm, is preferably treated to reduce heteroatom catalyst components,preferably to less than 600 ppm, and then contacted with hydrogen and ahydrogenation catalyst to produce a polyalpha-olefin having a brominenumber less than 1.8. Usually, the bromine number is below 1.8. Lowerbromine number is more desirable, as it indicates an improvedthermal/oxidative stability. In a preferred embodiment, the treatedpolyalpha-olefin comprises 100 ppm of heteroatom catalyst components orless, preferably 10 ppm of heteroatom catalyst components or less.Preferably the hydrogenation catalyst is selected from the groupconsisting of supported Group 7, 8, 9, and 10 metals, preferably thehydrogenation catalyst selected from the group consisting of one or moreof Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Fe, Ru, Os, Cr, Mo, and W, supported on silica,alumina, clay, titania, zirconia, or mixed metal oxide supports. Apreferred hydrogenation catalyst is nickel supported on kieselguhr, orplatinum or palladium supported on alumina, or cobalt-molybdenumsupported on alumina. Usually, a high nickel content catalyst, such as60% Ni on Kieselguhr catalyst is used, or a supported catalyst with highamount of Co—Mo loading.

In a preferred embodiment the polyalpha-olefin product is contacted withhydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature from 25 to 350°C., preferably 100 to 300° C. In another preferred embodiment thepolyalpha-olefin is contacted with hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalystfor a time period from 5 minutes to 100 hours, preferably from 5 minutesto 24 hours. In another preferred embodiment the polyalpha-olefin iscontacted with hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst at a hydrogenpressure of from 0.17 MPa to 17 MPa (25 psi to 2500 psi), preferablyfrom 0.69 MPa to 14 MPa (100 to 2000 psi). In another preferredembodiment the hydrogenation process reduces the number of mm triadgroups in a polyalpha-olefin by 1 to 80%. Hydrogenation of PAO's per seis well-known. See, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,657 and “LubricantBase Oil Hydrogen Refining Processes” (page 119 to 152) in LubricantBase Oil and Wax Processing, by Avilino Sequeira, Jr., Marcel Dekker,Inc., NY, 1994.

The hydrogenation process can be accomplished in a slurry reactor in abatch operation or in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), wherethe catalyst concentration is 0.001 wt % to 20 wt % of the PAO (orHVI-PAO) product, or preferably 0.01 to 10 wt % of the product. Hydrogenand feed are added continuously to the reactor to allow for a certainresidence time, usually 5 minutes to 10 hours, to allow completehydrogenation of the unsaturated olefins and to allow proper conversion.The amount of catalyst added is usually in slight excess, to compensatefor the catalyst deactivation. The catalyst and hydrogenated PAO and/orHVI-PAO are continuously withdrawn from the reactor. The product mixturewas then filtered, centrifuged or settled to remove the solidhydrogenation catalyst. The catalyst can be regenerated and reused. Thehydrogenated PAO can be used as is or further distilled or fractionatedto the right component if necessary. In some cases, when thehydrogenation catalyst show no catalyst deactivation over long termoperation, the stir tank hydrogenation process can be carried out in amanner where a fixed amount of catalyst is maintained in the reactor,usually 0.1 wt % to 10% of the total reactant, and only hydrogen and PAOfeed are continuously added at certain feed rate and only hydrogenatedPAO was withdrawn from the reactor.

The hydrogenation process can also be accomplished by a fixed bedprocess, in which the solid catalyst is packed inside a tubular reactorand heated to reactor temperature. Hydrogen and PAO and/or HVI-PAO feedcan be fed through the reactor simultaneously from the top or bottom orcountercurrently to maximize the contact between hydrogen, PAO/HVI-PAOand catalyst, and to allow best heat management. The feed rate of thePAO and hydrogen are adjusted to give proper residence to allow completehydrogenation of the unsaturated olefins in the feed and to allowdesirable conversion of mm triads in the process. The hydrogenated PAOfluid can be used as is or further distilled or fractionated to give theright component, if necessary.

PAO Products

In an embodiment, polyalphaolefins are produced by the methods describedherein.

The polyalphaolefins produced herein, in an embodiment, are homopolymersof C₄ to C₄₀ alpha-olefins or copolymers of C₂ to C₄₀ alpha-olefins,where at least 50 mol % of the copolymer comprises C₄ or higheralpha-olefin, or a C₅ or higher alpha-olefin, or a C₆ or higheralpha-olefin.

In an embodiment, the process described herein produces PAOs comprisingmore than 50 mole % of one or more C₅ to C₂₄ alpha-olefin monomers (orC₆ to C₂₄ alpha-olefin monomers, or C₈ to C₂₄ alpha-olefin monomers), or55 mole % or more, or 60 mole % or more, or 65 mole % or more, or 70mole % or more, or 75 mole % or more, or 80 mole % or more, or 85 mole %or more, or 90 mole % or more, or 95 mole % or more, or 100 mole % basedon the total moles of monomers present in the polyalpha-olefin, asmeasured by Carbon-13 NMR.

In an embodiment, any of the PAOs produced herein are hydrogenated. Inembodiments, the PAO may have a Bromine number of 1.8 or less asmeasured by ASTM D 1159, or 1.7 or less, or 1.6 or less, or 1.5 or less,-15 -or 1.4 or less, or 1.3 or less, or 1.2 or less, or 1.1 or less, or1.0 or less, or 0.5 or less, or 0.1 or less.

In an embodiment, the PAOs produced herein may have less than 300 ppm ofa Group 3, 4, 5, and/or 6 metal, or Ti, Hf or Zr, or less than 200 ppm,or less than 100 ppm, or less than ppm, or less than 10 ppm, as measuredby ASTM 5185.

In an embodiment, the polyalpha-olefins described herein have less than300 ppm of Ti, or less than 200 ppm, or less than 100 ppm, or less than50 ppm, or less than 10 ppm, as measured by ASTM 5185.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein haveless than 300 ppm of Hf, or less than 200 ppm, or less than 100 ppm, orless than 50 ppm, or less than 10 ppm, as measured by ASTM 5185.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein haveless than 300 ppm of Zr, or less than 200 ppm, or less than 100 ppm, orless than 50 ppm, or less than 10 ppm, as measured by ASTM 5185.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein may haveless than 100 ppm of Group 13 metals (or B or Al), or less than 50 ppm,or less than 10 ppm, as measured by ASTM 5185.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein may haveless than 100 ppm of boron, or less than 50 ppm, or less than 10 ppm, asmeasured by ASTM 5185.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein may haveless than 600 ppm of aluminum, or less than 500 ppm, or less than 400ppm, or less than 300 ppm, or less than 200 ppm, or less than 100 ppm,or less than 50 ppm, or less than 10 ppm, as measured by ASTM 5185.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein may havean Mw (weight average molecular weight) of 100,000 g/mol or less, orbetween 100 g/mol and 80,000 g/mol, or between 250 g/mol and 60,000g/mol, or between 280 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol, or between 336 g/mol and40,000 g/mol. In embodiments, Mw's include those from 224 g/mol to55,100 g/mol, or from 392 g/mol to 30,000 g/mol, or 800 g/mol to 24,000g/mol, or 2,000 g/mol to 17,000 g/mol, as determined by GPC for KV100≧10and by GC for KV100<10. In further embodiments, Mw's include those from224 g/mol to about 6790 g/mol or from 224 g/mol to about 2720 g/mol, asdetermined by GPC.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein may havean Mn (number average molecular weight) of 50,000 g/mol or less, orbetween 200 g/mol and 40,000 g/mol, or between 250 g/mol and 30,000g/mol, or between 500 g/mol and 20,000 g/mol., or from 280 g/mol to10,000 g/mol, or from 280 g/mol to 4000 g/mol, or from 200 g/mol to20,900 g/mol, or 280 g/mol, to 10,000 g/mol, or 200 g/mol to 7000 g/mol,or 200 g/mol to 2000 g/mol, or 280 g/mol to 2900 g/mol, or 500 g/mol to1700 g/mol, as determined by GPC for KV100≧10 and by GC for KV100<10.

In an embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein may havean Mw/Mn of greater than 1 and less than 5, or less than 4, or less than3, or less than 2.5, or less than 2, or between 1 and 2.5, or between 1and 3.5.

In another embodiment, any of the polyalpha-olefins described herein mayhave one or more or all of the following:

-   -   1. an M, (weight average molecular weight) of 100,000 or less,        preferably between 200 and 80,000, more preferably between 250        and 60,000, more preferably between 280 and 50,000, and most        preferably between 336 and 40,000 g/mol; Preferred M_(w)'s        include those from 224 to 55,100, preferably from 392 to 30,000,        more preferably 800 to 24,000, and most preferably 2,000 to        37,5000 g/mol, as determined by GPC for KV100≧10 and by GC for        KV100<10. Alternately preferred M_(w)'s include 224 to about        6790, and preferably 224 to about 2720, as determined by GPC for        KV100≧10 and by GC for KV100<10; or    -   2. preferably, a number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of        50,000 or less, more preferably between 200 and 40,000, more        preferably between 250 and 30,000, or most preferably between        500 and 20,000 g/mol, as determined by GPC for KV 100≧10 and by        GC for KV100<10; More preferred M_(n) ranges include 280 to        10,000, 280 to 4,000, 200 to 20,900, 280 to 10,000, 200 to 7000,        200 to 2000, 280 to 2900, 280 to 1700, and 200 to 500, as        determined by GPC for KV100≧10 and by GC for KV100<10; or    -   3. preferably an M_(w)/M_(n) or molecular weight dispersity        (MWD) of greater than 1 and less than 5, preferably less than 4,        more preferably less than 3, more preferably less than 2.5, and        most preferably less than 2.

This invention provides in some embodiments a liquid polyalpha-olefincomposition which in embodiments may be characterized as comprising atleast two types of branches with average branch length of at least 2.1,ranging from 2.1 to 12, or from 3 to 11, or from 4 to 10, or from 4.5 to9.5, or from 5 to 9, or from 5.5 to 8.5, or from 6 to 8, or from 7 to 8.The product in some embodiments is a liquid. For the purposes of thisinvention, a “liquid” is defined to be a fluid that has no distinctmelting point above 0° C., preferably no distinct melting point above−20° C., and has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. as determinedaccording to ASTM D445 (KV100) of 3000 cSt or less, preferably 1000 cStor less and/or a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. as determined accordingto ASTM D445 (KV40) of 35,000 cSt or less, preferably 10,000 cSt orless.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, any PAO described hereinmay have a pour point of less than 10° C. (as measured by ASTM D 97).Pour point of any fluid is usually a function of fluid viscosity. Withina class of fluids, usually high viscosity fluids have high pour points,and low viscosity fluids have low pour points. The pour point of thePAOs of this invention have pour points of less than 10° C., preferablyless than 0° C., more preferably less than −10° C., more preferably lessthan −20° C., more preferably less than −25° C., more preferably lessthan −30° C., more preferably less than −35° C., more preferably lessthan −50° C., and most preferably less than −70° C. In an embodiment,any PAO described herein may have a pour point of less than 0° C. (asmeasured by ASTM D 97), or less than −10° C., or less than −20° C., orless than −25° C., or less than −30° C., or less than −35° C., or lessthan −50° C., or between −10 and −80° C., or between −15° C. and −70° C.

In an embodiment, any PAO described herein may have a KV40 from about 4to about 50,000 cSt, or from about 5 to about 30,000 cSt, or from about4 to about 100,000 cSt, or from about 6 to about 50,000 cSt, or fromabout 10 to about 30,000 cSt.

In an embodiment any polyalpha olefin described herein may have a KV 100from about 1.5 to about 5,000 cSt, or from about 2 to about 3,000 cSt,or from about 3 to about 1,000 cSt, or from about 4 to about 1,000 cSt,or from about 8 to about 500 cSt.

In an embodiment any polyalpha-olefin described herein may have a flashpoint of 150° C. or more, or 200° C. or more, or 210° C. or more, or220° C. or more (as measured by ASTM D 56).

In an embodiment any polyalphaolefin described herein may have adielectric constant of 2.5 or less (1 kHz at 23 as determined by ASTM D924).

In an embodiment any polyalphaolefin described herein may have aspecific gravity of 0.75 to 0.96 g/cm³, or 0.80 to 0.94 g/cm³, or 0.855to 0.92 g/cm³, as determined according to ASTM D4052.

In an embodiment, the PAOs according to the instant disclosure maycomprise dimers, trimers, tetramers, and/or higher oligomers of one ormore C₅ to C₂₄ olefin monomers, or one or more C₅ to C₂₄ alpha-olefinmonomers, or one or more C₅ to C₂₄ linear alpha-olefin monomers. In anembodiment, an alpha-olefin with alkyl substituent at least 2 carbonsaway from the olefinic double bond can also be used. In an embodiment,the PAOs according to the instant disclosure comprise a mixture of manydifferent oligomers. In an embodiment, the smallest oligomers from thesealpha-olefins may have carbon number ranging from C₁₀ to C₂₀. Thesesmall oligomers are usually too light for most high performance fluidsapplication. They are usually separated from the higher oligomers withcarbon number of greater than C₂₀, for example C₂₄ and higher which maybe useful as high performance fluids.

In an embodiment, the separated C₁₀ to C₂₀ oligomers or thecorresponding paraffins after hydrogenation can be used in specialtyapplications, such as drilling fluids, solvents, paint thinner, etc.with excellent biodegradability, toxicity, viscosities, etc. The highperformance fluid fraction in the C₂₀ or C₃₀ and higher fractionstypically have lower viscosities making them beneficial for someapplications, such as better fuel economy, better biodegradability,better low temperature flow properties, or lower volatility. The higherviscosity products, usually having much higher average degree ofpolymerization, have very low amounts of C₂₀ or C₃₀ component. Thesehigh viscosity fluids are excellent blend stocks for lube application toimprove the viscosity. Because of their usually narrow molecular weightdistribution, they have superior shear stability. Because of theirunique chemical composition, they have excellent viscometrics andunexpected low traction properties. These higher viscosity PAOs can beused as superior blend stocks. They can be blend stocks with any of theGroup I, II, III, IV+, GTL and Group V fluids to give the optimumviscometrics, solvency, high and low temperature lubricity, etc. Whenfurther blended with additives, including antioxidants, antiwearadditives, friction modifiers, dispersants, detergents, corrosioninhibitors, defoamants, extreme pressure additives, seal swelladditives, and optionally viscosity modifiers, etc. Description oftypical additives can be found in “Lubricant Additives” Chemistry andApplications, ed. L. R. Rudnick, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2003.

In an embodiment, the PAOs according to the instant disclosure,including those of low viscosity (such as those with a KV100 of 10 cStor less), are suitable for high performance automotive engine oilformulations either by themselves or by blending with other fluids, suchas Group II, Group 11+, Group III, Group 111+ or lube base stocksderived from hydroisomerization of wax fractions from Fisher-Tropschhydrocarbon synthesis from syn gas, or other Group IV or Group V basestocks. PAOs having KV100s from 3 cSt to 8 cSt are also preferred gradesfor high performance automotive engine oil or industrial oilformulations. The PAOs of 40 to 1000 cSt according to the instantdisclosure may be used as blend stock with Group I, II, III, III+ or GTLderived lube base stocks for use in industrial and automotive engine orgear oil, or high KV100 grades of 3 to 1000 cSt which are desirable foruse as blend stock with Gr I, II, III, III+ or GTL derived lube basestocks for use in industrial and automotive engine or gear oil. They arealso suitable for use in personal care applications, such as blends withsoaps, detergents, other emollients, for use in personal care creams,lotions, sticks, shampoos, detergents, etc.

In an embodiment according to the invention, the PAO may have thecomposition, characteristics and properties similar or equivalent tothose of the high viscosity index PAOs disclosed in U.S. PatentPublication No. US 2010/0292424, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference for all jurisdictions where permitted.

In an embodiment any polyalpha olefin described herein may have aviscosity index (VI) of 100 or more, or 120 or more, or 130 or more,alternately, from 120 to 450, alternately the viscosity index is atleast about 165, alternately at least about 187, alternately at leastabout 200, alternately at least about 252. For many lower viscosityfluids made from 1-decene or 1-decene equivalent feeds (KV100 of 3 to 10cSt), the preferred VI range is from 100 to 180. Viscosity index isdetermined according to ASTM Method D 2270-93 [1998].

In an embodiment any polyalpha olefin produced herein may have avinylene content of at least 50%, based upon total unsaturation, or atleast 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or atleast 90%, or at least 94%, or at least 98%, as determined by ¹H NMR.

Unless otherwise indicated Mw, Mn, MWD are determined by GC, GPC and ¹HNMR as described above.

In an embodiment, the amount of allyl chain ends, vinylene content, andthe like may be determined using ¹H NMR at 120° C. using deuteratedtetrachloroethane as the solvent on a 500 MHz machine and in selectedcases confirmed by ¹³C NMR. Literature values have been reported forproton and carbon assignments where neat perdeuterated tetrachloroethaneis used for proton spectra and a 50:50 mixture of normal andperdeuterated tetrachloroethane is used for carbon spectra; all spectraare recorded at 100° C. on a BRUKER AM 300 spectrometer operating at 300MHz for proton and 75.43 MHz for carbon, for vinyl terminated propyleneoligomers, as in J. American Chemical Soc., 114, 1992, pp. 1025-1032.

The term “allyl chain end” (also referred to as “allylic vinyl group” or“allylic vinyl end group”) is defined to be a polymer having at leastone terminus represented by (CH₂═CH—CH₂-polymer) according to thefollowing formula:

where M represents the polymer chain. “Allylic vinyl group,” “allylchain end,” “vinyl chain end,” “vinyl termination,” “allylic vinylgroup,” and “vinyl terminated” are used interchangeably in the followingdescription. The number of allyl chain ends, vinylidene chain ends,vinylene chain ends, and other unsaturated chain ends is determinedusing ¹H NMR at 120° C. using deuterated tetrachloroethane as thesolvent on an at least 250 MHz NMR spectrometer, and in selected cases,confirmed by ¹³C NMR. Resconi has reported proton and carbon assignments(neat perdeuterated tetrachloroethane used for proton spectra, while a50:50 mixture of normal and perdeuterated tetrachloroethane was used forcarbon spectra; all spectra were recorded at 100° C. on a BRUKERspectrometer operating at 500 MHz for proton and 125 MHz for carbon) forvinyl terminated oligomers in J. American Chemical Soc., 114, 1992, pp.1025-1032 that are useful herein. Allyl chain ends are reported as amolar percentage of the total number of moles of unsaturated groups(that is, the sum of allyl chain ends, vinylidene chain ends, vinylenechain ends, and the like).

A vinylidene chain end is represented by the formula:

where R can be H, alkyl, aryl aralkyl, or alkaryl.

The term “vinylene chain end” is defined to be a polymer having at leastone terminus represented by (CH₃—C═CH₂—CH₂-polymer).

Vinyl terminated polymers typically also have a saturated chain end,also referred to as a methyl end. In polymerizations comprising C₄ orgreater monomers (or “higher olefin” monomers), the saturated chain endmay be a C₄ or greater (or “higher olefin”) chain end, as shown in theformula below:

where M represents the polymer chain and n is an integer selected from 4to 40. This is especially true when there is substantially no ethyleneor propylene in the polymerization. In an ethylene/(C₄ or greatermonomer) copolymerization, the polymer chain may initiate growth in anethylene monomer, thereby generating a saturated chain end which is anethyl chain end. In polymerizations where propylene is present, thepolymer chain may initiate growth in a propylene monomer, therebygenerating an isobutyl chain end. An “isobutyl chain end” is defined tobe an end or terminus of a polymer, represented as shown in the formulabelow:

where M represents the polymer chain. Isobutyl chain ends are determinedaccording to the procedure set out in WO 2009/155471.

Mn (¹H NMR) is determined according to the following NMR method. ¹H NMRdata are collected at either room temperature or 120° C. (for purposesof the claims, 120° C. shall be used) in a 5 mm probe using a Varianspectrometer with a ¹H frequency of 250 MHz, 400 MHz, or 500 MHz (forthe purpose of the claims, a proton frequency of 400 MHz is used). Dataare recorded using a maximum pulse width of 45° C., 8 seconds betweenpulses and signal averaging 120 transients. Spectral signals areintegrated and the number of unsaturation types per 1000 carbons arecalculated by multiplying the different groups by 1000 and dividing theresult by the total number of carbons. Mn is calculated by dividing thetotal number of unsaturated species into 14,000, and has units of g/mol.The chemical shift regions for the olefin types are defined to bebetween the following spectral regions.

Unsaturation Type Region (ppm) Number of hydrogens per structure Vinyl4.95-5.10 2 Vinylidene 4.70-4.84 2 Vinylene 5.31-5.55 2 Trisubstituted5.11-5.30 1Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Crystallization temperature (T_(c)), melting temperature (or meltingpoint, T_(m)), glass transition temperature (T_(g)) and heat of fusion(H_(f)) are measured using Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) on acommercially available instrument (e.g., TA Instruments 2920 DSC).Typically, 6 to 10 mg of molded polymer or plasticized polymer aresealed in an aluminum pan and loaded into the instrument at roomtemperature. Data are acquired by heating the sample to at least 30° C.above its melting temperature, typically 220° C. for polypropylene, at aheating rate of 10° C./min. The sample is held for at least 5 minutes atthis temperature to destroy its thermal history. Then the sample iscooled from the melt to at least 50° C. below the crystallizationtemperature, typically −100° C. for polypropylene, at a cooling rate of20° C./min. The sample is held at this temperature for at least 5minutes, and finally heated at 10° C./min to acquire additional meltingdata (second heat). The endothermic melting transition (first and secondheat) and exothermic crystallization transition are analyzed accordingto standard procedures. The melting temperatures (Tm) reported are thepeak melting temperatures from the second heat unless otherwisespecified. For polymers displaying multiple peaks, the meltingtemperature is defined to be the peak melting temperature from themelting trace associated with the largest endothermic calorimetricresponse (as opposed to the peak occurring at the highest temperature).Likewise, the crystallization temperature is defined to be the peakcrystallization temperature from the crystallization trace associatedwith the largest exothermic calorimetric response (as opposed to thepeak occurring at the highest temperature).

Areas under the DSC curve are used to determine the heat of transition(heat of fusion, H_(f), upon melting or heat of crystallization, H_(c),upon crystallization), which can be used to calculate the degree ofcrystallinity (also called the percent crystallinity). The percentcrystallinity (X %) is calculated using the formula: [area under thecurve (in J/g)/H° (in J/g)]*100, where H° is the ideal heat of fusionfor a perfect crystal of the homopolymer of the major monomer component.These values for H° are to be obtained from the Polymer Handbook, FourthEdition, published by John Wiley and Sons, New York 1999, except that avalue of 290 J/g is used for H° (polyethylene), a value of 140 J/g isused for H° (polybutene), and a value of 207 J/g is used for H°(polypropylene).

Heat of melting (Hm) is determined using the DSC procedure above exceptthat the sample is cooled to −100° C., held for 5 minutes then heated at10° C./min to 200° C. Hm is measured on the first melt, no the secondmelt. The Hm sample must have been aged at least 48 hours at roomtemperature and should not be heated to destroy thermal history.

Ethylene and other monomer content may be determined by ASTM D 5017-96,except that the minimum signal-to-noise should be 10,000:1. Propylenecontent in propylene copolymers is determined by following the approachof Method 1 in Di Martino and Kelchermans, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 56, 1781(1995), and using peak assignments from Zhang, Polymer 45, 2651 (2004)for higher olefin comonomers.

Mn, Mw, and Mz may also be measured by using a Gel PermeationChromatography (GPC) method using a High Temperature Size ExclusionChromatograph (SEC, either from Waters Corporation or PolymerLaboratories), equipped with a differential refractive index detector(DRI). Experimental details, are described in: T. Sun, P. Brant, R. R.Chance, and W. W. Graessley, Macromolecules, Volume 34, Number 19, pp.6812-6820, (2001) and references therein. Three Polymer LaboratoriesPLgel 10 mm Mixed-B columns are used. The nominal flow rate is 0.5cm³/min and the nominal injection volume is 300 μL. The various transferlines, columns and differential refractometer (the DRI detector) arecontained in an oven maintained at 135° C. Solvent for the SECexperiment is prepared by dissolving 6 grams of butylated hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant in 4 liters of Aldrich reagent grade 1,2,4trichlorobenzene (TCB). The TCB mixture is then filtered through a 0.7μm glass pre-filter and subsequently through a 0.1 μM Teflon filter. TheTCB is then degassed with an online degasser before entering the SEC.Polymer solutions are prepared by placing dry polymer in a glasscontainer, adding the desired amount of TCB, then heating the mixture at160° C. with continuous agitation for about 2 hours. All quantities aremeasured gravimetrically. The TCB densities used to express the polymerconcentration in mass/volume units are 1.463 g/mL at room temperatureand 1.324 g/mL at 135° C. The injection concentration is from 1.0 to 2.0mg/mL, with lower concentrations being used for higher molecular weightsamples. Prior to running each sample the DRI detector and the injectorare purged. Flow rate in the apparatus is then increased to 0.5mL/minute, and the DRI is allowed to stabilize for 8 to 9 hours beforeinjecting the first sample. The concentration, c, at each point in thechromatogram is calculated from the baseline-subtracted DRI signal,I_(DRI), using the following equation:c=K _(DRI) I _(DRI)/(dn/dc)where K_(DRI) is a constant determined by calibrating the DRI, and(dn/dc) is the refractive index increment for the system. The refractiveindex, n=1.500 for TCB at 135° C. and λ=690 nm. For purposes of thisinvention and the claims thereto (dn/dc)=0.104 for propylene polymersand ethylene polymers, and 0.1 otherwise. Units of parameters usedthroughout this description of the SEC method are: concentration isexpressed in g/cm³, molecular weight is expressed in g/mol, andintrinsic viscosity is expressed in dL/g.Blends

In another embodiment, the PAO produced herein is combined with one ormore additional polymers prior to being formed into a film, molded partor other article. Other useful polymers include polyethylene, isotacticpolypropylene, highly isotactic polypropylene, syndiotacticpolypropylene, random copolymer of propylene and ethylene, and/orbutene, and/or hexene, polybutene, ethylene vinyl acetate, LDPE, LLDPE,HDPE, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methyl acrylate, copolymers ofacrylic acid, polymethylmethacrylate or any other polymers polymerizableby a high-pressure free radical process, polyvinylchloride,polybutene-1, isotactic polybutene, ABS resins, ethylene-propylenerubber (EPR), vulcanized EPR, EPDM, block copolymer, styrenic blockcopolymers, polyamides, polycarbonates, PET resins, cross linkedpolyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polymersof aromatic monomers such as polystyrene, poly-1 esters, polyacetal,polyvinylidine fluoride, polyethylene glycols, and/or polyisobutylene.

In an embodiment, the PAO is present in the above blends, at from 10 to99 wt %, based upon the weight of the polymers in the blend, preferably0.5 to 95 wt %, or at least 1 to 90 wt %, or at least 2 to 80 wt %, orat least 5 to 70 wt %, or at least 10 to 60 wt %, or at least 20 to 50wt %.

The blends described above may be produced by mixing the PAOs with oneor more polymers (as described above), by connecting reactors togetherin series to make reactor blends or by using more than one catalyst inthe same reactor to produce multiple species of polymer. The polymerscan be mixed together prior to being put into the extruder or may bemixed in an extruder.

The blends may be formed using conventional equipment and methods, suchas by dry blending the individual components and subsequently meltmixing in a mixer, or by mixing the components together directly in amixer, such as, for example, a Banbury mixer, a Haake mixer, a Brabenderinternal mixer, or a single or twin-screw extruder, which may include acompounding extruder and a side-arm extruder used directly downstream ofa polymerization process, which may include blending powders or pelletsof the resins at the hopper of the film extruder. Additionally,additives may be included in the blend, in one or more components of theblend, and/or in a product formed from the blend, such as a film, asdesired. Such additives are well known in the art, and can include, forexample: fillers; antioxidants (e.g., hindered phenolics such as IRGANOX1010 or IRGANOX 1076 available from Ciba-Geigy); phosphites (e.g.,IRGAFOS 168 available from Ciba-Geigy); anti-cling additives;tackifiers, such as polybutenes, terpene resins, aliphatic and aromatichydrocarbon resins, alkali metal and glycerol stearates, andhydrogenated rosins; UV stabilizers; heat stabilizers; anti-blockingagents; release agents; anti-static agents; pigments; colorants; dyes;waxes; silica; fillers; talc; and the like.

The compositions described herein (preferably PAO compositions) may alsobe used in the preparation of molded products in any molding process,including but not limited to, injection molding, gas-assisted injectionmolding, extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, injectionstretch blow molding, compression molding, rotational molding, foammolding, thermoforming, sheet extrusion, and profile extrusion. Themolding processes are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.The PAO compositions described above may also be used in the preparationof nonwoven fabrics and fibers.

Embodiments

Accordingly, the instant disclosure relates to the followingembodiments:

A. A process comprising:

-   contacting one or more olefins with a catalyst system at a    temperature, a pressure, and for a period of time sufficient to    produce a polyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol % C₅ to C₂₄    olefin;-   the catalyst system comprising an activator and a catalyst compound    according to Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination    thereof:    Formula I being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and    R²⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a    functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may    independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic    ring structure, or a combination thereof, or a combination thereof;    and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl;    Formula II being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is, independently, a hydrogen,    a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprising elements    from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or two or    more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄ to    C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof;    subject to the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted    carbazole radical, and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical;    Formula III being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is, independently, a    hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group    comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the    elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²² may independently join    together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or    a combination thereof;-   at least one of R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, or R²⁰    comprise fluorine; and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical.-   B. The process of Embodiment A, wherein two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ of    Formula I, R¹ to R²¹ of Formula II, R¹ to R²² of Formula III, or a    combination thereof, independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂    cyclic or polycyclic ring structure.-   C. The process of any one of Embodiments A-B, wherein M of Formula    I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is Hf, Ti, or    Zr.-   D. The process of any one of Embodiments A-C, wherein each X of    Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is,    independently, a halogen or a C₁ to C₇ hydrocarbyl radical.-   E. The process of any one of Embodiments A-D, wherein each X of    Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is a    benzyl radical.-   F. The process of any one of Embodiments A-E, wherein each R¹, R²,    R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,    R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³ R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷ and R²⁸ of Formula    (I), each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³,    R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ of Formula (II), R¹, R²,    R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,    R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² of Formula (III), or a combination    thereof are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, or a C₁ to C₃₀    hydrocarbyl radical.-   G. The process of any one of Embodiments A-F, wherein each R¹, R²,    R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,    R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³ R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷ and R²⁸ of Formula    (I), each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³,    R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ of Formula (II), R¹, R²,    R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,    R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² of Formula (III), or a combination    thereof are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, or a C₁ to C₁₀    hydrocarbyl radical.-   H. The process of any one of Embodiments A-G, wherein one or more of    R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵,    R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³ R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸    of Formula I is a methyl radical, a fluoride, or a combination    thereof.-   I. The process of any one of Embodiments A-H, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula I wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals;    -   R² through R¹³ and R¹⁵ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   J. The process of any one of Embodiments A-I, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula I wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals;    -   R², R³, R⁵ through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸ through R²⁸ are hydrogen;        and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   K. The process of any one of Embodiments A-J, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula I wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals;    -   R⁴ and R¹⁷ are fluoro groups;    -   R², R³, R⁵ through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸ through R²⁸ are hydrogen;        and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   L. The process of any one of Embodiments A-K, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula I wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals;    -   R⁸, R¹¹, R²¹ and R²⁴ are tert-butyl radicals;    -   R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰,        R²², R²³, R²⁵ and R²⁶ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   M. The process of any one of Embodiments A-L, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula I wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals;    -   R⁸, R¹¹, R²¹ and R²⁴ are mesityl radicals;    -   R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰,        R²², R²³, R²⁵ and R²⁶ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   N. The process of any one of Embodiments A-M, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula II wherein one or more of R¹, R²,    R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,    R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is a methyl radical, a bromide, an adamantyl    radical, or a combination thereof-   O. The process of any one of Embodiments A-N, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula II wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals;    -   R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen;    -   R¹⁷ and R¹⁹ are bromine; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   P. The process of any one of Embodiments A-O, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula II wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹, R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals;    -   R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²¹ are hydrogen;    -   R¹⁹ is a 1-adamantyl radical; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   Q. The process of any one of Embodiments A-P, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula II wherein,    -   M is Hf;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹ and R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals;    -   R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen;    -   R¹⁹ is a 1-adamantyl radical; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   R. The process of any one of Embodiments A-Q, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula III wherein one or more of R¹, R²,    R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,    R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is a methyl radical, a fluoride, or a    combination thereof.-   S. The process of any one of Embodiments A-R, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula III wherein,    -   M is Ti;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹ and R¹¹ are methyl radicals;    -   R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen;    -   R⁴, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are        fluorine; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   T. The process of any one of Embodiments A-S, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula III wherein,    -   M is Ti;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹, R⁴, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals;    -   R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen;    -   R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine;        and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   U. The process of any one of Embodiments A-T, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula III wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹ and R¹¹ are methyl radicals;    -   R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen;    -   R⁴, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are        fluorine; and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   V. The process of any one of Embodiments A-U, wherein the catalyst    compound is according to Formula III wherein,    -   M is Zr;    -   X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals;    -   R¹, R⁴, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals;    -   R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen;    -   R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine;        and    -   Y is —CH₂CH₂—.-   W. The process of any one of Embodiments A-V, wherein Y of Formula    I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is —CH₂CH₂— or    1,2-cyclohexylene.-   X. The process of any one of Embodiments A-W, wherein Y of Formula    I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—.-   Y. The process of any one of Embodiments A-X, wherein Y of Formula    I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is a C₁-C₄₀    divalent hydrocarbyl radical comprising a linker backbone comprising    from 1 to 18 carbon atoms bridging between nitrogen atoms N¹ and N².-   Z. The process of any one of Embodiments A-Y, wherein Y of Formula    I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is a C₁-C₄₀    divalent hydrocarbyl radical comprising O, S, S(O), S(O)₂, Si(R′)₂,    P(R′), N, N(R′), or a combination thereof, wherein each R′ is    independently a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbyl radical.-   A1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-Z, wherein the activator    comprises alumoxane, a non-coordinating anion activator, or a    combination thereof.-   B1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-A1, wherein the    activator comprises alumoxane and the alumoxane is present at a    ratio of 1 mole aluminum or more to mole of catalyst compound.-   C1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-B1, wherein the    activator is represented by the formula:    (Z)_(d) ⁺A^(d−))    -   wherein Z is (L-H), or a reducible Lewis Acid, wherein L is a        neutral Lewis base;    -   H is hydrogen;    -   (L-H)⁺ is a Bronsted acid;    -   A^(d−) is a non-coordinating anion having the charge d−; and    -   d is an integer from 1 to 3.-   D1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-C1, wherein the    activator is represented by the formula:    (Z)_(d) ⁺(A^(d−))    -   wherein A^(d−) is a non-coordinating anion having the charge d−;    -   d is an integer from 1 to 3, and    -   Z is a reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ar₃C⁺),        where Ar is aryl radical, an aryl radical substituted with a        heteroatom, an aryl radical substituted with one or more C₁ to        C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radicals, an aryl radical substituted with one        or more functional groups comprising elements from Groups 13-17        of the periodic table of the elements, or a combination thereof.-   E1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-D1, wherein the    activator is selected from the group consisting of:-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,-   [4-tert-butyl-PhNMe₂H][(C₆F₃(C₆F₅)₂)₄B],-   trimethylammonium tetraphenylborate,-   triethylammonium tetraphenylborate,-   tripropylammonium tetraphenylborate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetraphenylborate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetraphenylborate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetraphenylborate,-   tropillium tetraphenylborate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetraphenylborate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate,-   triethylsilylium tetraphenylborate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetraphenylborate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(sec-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluoro-phenyl)borate,-   dimethyl(tert-butyl)ammonium    tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   tropillium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate,-   trimethylammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triethylammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tripropylammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tri(tert-butyl)ammonium    tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethylanilinium    tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   tropillium    tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,triphenylcarbenium    tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   triethylsilylium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,-   di-(i-propyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   dicyclohexylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(o-tolyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   tri(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phosphonium    tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate,-   1-(4-(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)pyrrolidinium,-   tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,-   4-(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine,-   triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate),    and combinations thereof.-   F1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-E1, wherein the    temperature is from about 0° C. to about 300° C., the pressure is    from about 0.35 MPa to about 10 MPa, the time is from about 0.1    minutes to about 24 hours, or a combination thereof.-   G1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-F1, wherein the    temperature is from about 50° C. to about 150° C.-   H1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-G1, wherein the    polyalphaolefin comprises at least 50 mole % decene.-   I1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-H1, wherein the    polyalphaolefin comprises at least 75 mole % C₈ to C₂₄ olefin.-   J1. The process of any one of Embodiments A-I1, wherein the    polyalphaolefin comprises:    -   a) less than 300 ppm of the Group 3, 4, 5, or 6 metal, as        determined by ASTM 5185;    -   b) less than 100 ppm of a Group 13 metal, as determined by ASTM        5185;    -   c) an Mw of 100,000 g/mol or less;    -   d) an Mn of 50,000 g/mol or less;    -   e) an Mw/Mn of greater than 1 and less than 5;    -   f) a pour point of less than 0° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   g) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. from about 4 to about 50,000        cSt, as determined according to ASTM D445;    -   h) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. from about 1.5 to about        5,000 cSt, as determined according to ASTM D445;    -   i) a flash point of 150° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56;    -   j) a dielectric constant of 2.5 or less (1 kHz at 23° C.), as        determined according to ASTM 924;    -   k) a specific gravity of 0.75 to 0.96 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052;    -   l) a viscosity index (VI) of 100 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   m) a vinylene content of at least 50%, based upon total        unsaturation, as determined by ¹H NMR;        or a combination thereof.-   K1. A polyalphaolefin comprising:    -   at least 50 mol % C₅ to C₂₄ olefin, the polymer produced by a        process comprising:    -   contacting one or more olefins with a catalyst system at a        temperature, a pressure, and for a period of time sufficient to        produce a polyalphaolefin, the catalyst system comprising an        activator and a catalyst compound according to Formula I,        Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof:        Formula I being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and    R²⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a    functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may    independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic    ring structure, or a combination thereof, or a combination thereof;    and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl;    Formula II being represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is, independently, a hydrogen,    a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprising elements    from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or two or    more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄ to    C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof;    subject to the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted    carbazole radical, and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical;    Formula III being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal;

-   each X is, independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical,    a functional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the    periodic table of the elements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a    C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, provided, however,    where M is trivalent then X² is not present;-   each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,    R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is, independently, a    hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group    comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the    elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²² may independently join    together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or    a combination thereof;-   at least one of R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, or R²⁰    comprise fluorine; and-   Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical; or-   a polyalphaolefin produced according to the process of any one of    Embodiments A-J1 above and P1-X2 below.-   L1. The polyalphaolefin according to Embodiment K1, comprising at    least 50 mole % decene.-   M1. The polyalphaolefin according to any one of Embodiments K1-L1,    wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises at least 75 mole % C₈ to C₂₄    olefin.-   N1. The polyalphaolefin according to any one of Embodiments K1-M1,    wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises:    -   a) less than 300 ppm of the Group 3, 4, 5, or 6 metal, as        determined by ASTM 5185;    -   b) less than 100 ppm of a Group 13 metal, as determined by ASTM        5185;    -   c) an Mw of 100,000 g/mol or less;    -   d) an Mn of 50,000 g/mol or less;    -   e) an Mw/Mn of greater than 1 and less than 5;    -   f) a pour point of less than 0° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   g) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. from about 4 to about 50,000        cSt, as determined according to ASTM D445;    -   h) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. from about 1.5 to about        5,000 cSt, as determined according to ASTM D445;    -   i) a flash point of 150° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56;    -   j) a dielectric constant of 2.5 or less (1 kHz at 23° C.), as        determined according to ASTM 924;    -   k) a specific gravity of 0.75 to 0.96 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052;    -   l) a viscosity index (VI) of 100 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   m) a vinylene content of at least 50%, based upon total        unsaturation, as determined by ¹H NMR;        or a combination thereof.-   O1. The polyalphaolefin of according to any one of Embodiments    K1-N1, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises:    -   a) a total of at least 75 mole % of two or more C₈ to C₂₄        olefins;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 1,000 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 60 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   d) a viscosity index (VI) of 160 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   c) a pour point of less than −30° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   f) a specific gravity of 0.75 to 0.85 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052; and    -   g) a flash point of 250° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56.-   P1. The process according to any one of Embodiments A-J1, wherein    the one or more olefins comprise at least two different alpha-olefin    monomers selected from C₃ to C₃₀ alpha-olefins and the    polyalphaolefin comprises an essentially random liquid polymer    comprising the at least two different alpha-olefins.-   Q1. The process according to embodiment P1 wherein the one or more    olefins are present in a feed having an average carbon number of at    least 4.1, with the proviso that any one of ethylene and propylene,    if present in said feed, is present in the amount of less than 50 wt    % individually, preferably in the amount of less than 50 wt %    combined, based on the combined weight of alpha-olefins in said    feed.-   R1. The process according to Embodiment Q1, wherein said at least    two different alpha-olefin monomers are selected from the group    consisting of linear alpha-olefins, alpha-olefins characterized by    alkyl or aryl substitution at least two carbons away from the double    bond, and mixtures thereof-   S1. The process according to Embodiment Q1 or Embodiment R1, wherein    said at least two different alpha-olefins are selected from the    group consisting of C₄-C₈ linear alpha-olefins, C₁₂-C₂₄ linear    alpha-olefins, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 5-methyl-1-hexene,    4-ethyl-1-hexene, 4-phenyl-1-pentene, and 5-phenyl-1-pentene.-   T1. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to S1,    wherein said at least two different alpha-olefins are provided    directly, without separation of individual alpha-olefins, from an    alpha-olefin-producing process selected from an ethylene growth    process, an olefin metathesis process, a wax-cracking process, a syn    gas synthesis process, and mixtures thereof.-   U1. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to T1,    wherein said random liquid polymer is characterized by a χ value    (degree of randomness) ranging from 0.7 to 1.4, preferably 0.75 to    1.3, more preferably 0.8 to 1.2, most preferably 0.9 to 1.1.-   V1. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to U1,    wherein the composition of said random liquid polymer is    characterized by an incorporation of each alpha-olefin monomer    within said product of within at least 20 wt % of the distribution    of said alpha-olefin monomer within said feed.-   W1. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to V1,    wherein the composition of the random liquid polymer is    characterized by the ratio of the incorporated monomer mole % to the    feed monomer mole % ranging from 0.5 to 5, preferably from 0.5 to 3.-   X1. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to W1,    wherein said random liquid polymer is characterized by a    stereo-arrangement of each monomer that is isotactic, atactic or    syndiotactic.-   Y1. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to X1,    wherein said random liquid polymer is characterized by a bromine    number of greater than 2 and said process further comprises    contacting said product with hydrogen to obtain a second polymer    product characterized by a bromine number of less than 2.-   Z1. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to Y1,    wherein said feed comprises at least two alpha-olefins selected from    C₃ to C₂₄ alpha-olefins.-   A2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to Z1,    wherein said feed comprises at least two different alpha-olefins    selected from C₄ to C₁₈ alpha-olefins.-   B2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to A2,    wherein said feed comprises at least three different alpha-olefins.-   C2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to B2,    wherein said feed comprises at least four different alpha-olefins.-   D2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to C2,    wherein said feed comprises less than 80 wt % of alpha-olefins    selected from C₈ to C₁₂ alpha-olefins, based on the combined weight    of alpha-olefins in said feed.-   E2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to D2,    wherein no alpha-olefin is present in said feed in an amount greater    than 33 wt %, based on the combined weight of alpha-olefins in said    feed.-   F2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to E2,    wherein the feed is selected from at least one alpha-olefin selected    from 1-butene and 1-hexene and at least one alpha-olefin selected    from C₁₂-C₁₈ alpha-olefins, and wherein the combined amount of    1-decene and 1-octene is less than 40 wt %.-   G2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to F2,    wherein said feed is characterized by an average carbon number of    between 4.1 and about 14.-   H2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to G2,    wherein said feed is characterized by an average carbon number of    greater than about 5.5 to about less than 11 and further    characterized by the presence of C₈ to C₁₂ alpha-olefins in the    combined amount of at least 50 wt %, based on the combined weight of    alpha-olefins in said feed.-   I2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to H2,    wherein said feed is characterized by an average carbon number of    greater than about 5.5 to about less than 11 and further    characterized by the presence of C₈ to C₁₂ alpha-olefins in the    combined amount of less than 10 wt %, based on the combined weight    of alpha-olefins in said feed.-   J2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to I2,    wherein said feed is obtained and used for said contacting without    separation or isolation of alpha-olefins from an ethylene growth    process.-   K2. The process of any one of Embodiments Q1 to J2, wherein said    product is further characterized by at least one of the parameters    selected from: (a) M_(n)=200-50,000; (b) M_(w)=200-80,000; (c) MWD=1    to 5; (d) Pour Point less than 10° C.; (c) KV at 40° C. of about 4    to about 80,000 cSt; (f) KV at 100° C. of about 1.5 to 5,000    cSt; (g) a Viscosity Index (VI) greater than or equal to 100.-   L2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to K2,    wherein said product is further characterized by a Viscosity    Index (VI) of at least about 120.-   M2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to L2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 1 wt % to about 95 wt % C₄ to    C₈ alpha-olefins, based on the combined weight of alpha-olefins in    said feed.-   N2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to M2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 5 wt % to about 85 wt % C₄ to    C₈ alpha-olefins, based on the combined weight of alpha-olefins in    said feed.-   O2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to N2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 5 wt % to about 85 wt % C₄ to    C₈ alpha-olefins, 15 wt % to about 95 wt % C₁₂-C₁₈ alpha-olefins,    and less than 80 wt % C₁₀ alpha-olefins, based on the combined    weight of alpha-olefins in said feed.-   P2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to O2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 5 wt % to about 85 wt %    1-octene, based on the combined weight of alpha-olefins in said    feed.-   Q2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to P2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 5 wt % to about 85 wt %    1-octene, and less than 80 wt % of 1-dodecene, based on the combined    weight of alpha-olefins in said feed.-   R2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to Q2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 5 wt % to about 85 wt %    1-octene and less than 55 wt % of 1-dodecene, based on the combined    weight of alpha-olefins in said feed.-   S2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to R2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 5 wt % to about 85 wt %    1-octene, and less than 25 wt % of 1-dodecene, based on the combined    weight of alpha-olefins in said feed.-   T2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to S2,    wherein said feed comprises from about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of    alpha-olefins selected from 1-hexene, 1-heptene and/or 1-octene and    mixtures thereof and about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % of alpha-olefins    selected from 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, and mixture thereof, based    on the combined weight of alpha-olefins in said feed, and said    product is characterized by a viscosity index of from about 140 to    about 375, a KV at 100° C. of from about 10 to about 1000 cSt, and a    pour point of less than −10° C.-   U2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to T2,    wherein:    -   the activator comprises a non-coordinating anion activator; and    -   the contact is in the absence of a scavenger or the scavenger is        present at a molar ratio of scavenger to transition metal of        less than 100:1, or less than 50:1, or less than 15:1, or less        than 10:1.-   V2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to U2,    wherein the at least two different alpha-olefins comprise 1-octene    and 1-dodecene.-   W2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to V2,    further comprising hydrogenating the liquid polymer to a Bromine    number less than 1.-   X2. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to W2,    wherein the liquid polymer comprises:    -   a) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 1,000 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 60 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a viscosity index (VI) of 160 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   d) a pour point of less than −30° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   e) a specific gravity of 0.75 to 0.85 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052;    -   f) a flash point of 250° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56;    -   or a combination thereof.-   Y2. The polyalphaolefin of according to any one of Embodiments    K1-N1, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises:    -   a) a total of at least 75 mole % of two or more C₆ to C₂₄        olefins;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 1,500 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 4 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   d) a viscosity index (VI) of 120 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   e) a pour point of less than −30° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   f) a specific gravity of 0.80 to 0.86 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052; and    -   g) a flash point of 210° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56.-   Z2. The polyalphaolefin of according to any one of Embodiments    K1-N1, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises:    -   a) a total of at least 75 mole % of two or more C₆ to C₂₄        olefins;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 100 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 4 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   d) a viscosity index (VI) of 120 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   e) a pour point of less than −40° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   f) a specific gravity of 0.80 to 0.85 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052; and    -   g) a flash point of 210° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56.-   A3. The polyalphaolefin of according to any one of Embodiments    K1-N1, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises:    -   a) a total of at least 75 mole % of two or more C₆ to C₂₄        olefins;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 1,500 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 60 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   d) a viscosity index (VI) of 130 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   e) a pour point of less than −30° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   f) a specific gravity of 0.83 to 0.86 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052; and    -   g) a flash point of 250° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56.-   B3. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to W2,    wherein the liquid polymer comprises:    -   a) a total of at least 75 mole % of two or more C₆ to C₂₄        olefins;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 1,500 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 4 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   d) a viscosity index (VI) of 120 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   e) a pour point of less than −30° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   f) a specific gravity of 0.80 to 0.86 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052; and    -   g) a flash point of 210° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56.-   C3. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to W2,    wherein the liquid polymer comprises:    -   a) a total of at least 75 mole % of two or more C₆ to C₂₄        olefins;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 100 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 4 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   d) a viscosity index (VI) of 120 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   e) a pour point of less than −40° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   f) a specific gravity of 0.80 to 0.85 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052; and    -   g) a flash point of 210° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56.-   D3. The process according to any one of Embodiments Q1 to W2,    wherein the liquid polymer comprises:    -   a) a total of at least 75 mole % of two or more C₆ to C₂₄        olefins;    -   b) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 1,500 cSt, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   c) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 60 cSt or more, as        determined according to ASTM D445;    -   d) a viscosity index (VI) of 130 or more, as determined        according to ASTM D2270-93[1998];    -   e) a pour point of less than −30° C., as determined according to        ASTM D97;    -   f) a specific gravity of 0.83 to 0.86 g/cm³, as determined        according to ASTM D4052; and    -   g) a flash point of 250° C. or more, as determined according to        ASTM D56.-   E3. The process according to any one of Embodiments P1 to X2 and B3    to D3, further comprising distillation to remove low molecular    weight material having up to 16 carbon atoms or up to 24 carbon    atoms from the liquid polymer.-   F3. The process according to any one of Embodiments A to J1, further    comprising distillation to remove low molecular weight material    having up to 16 carbon atoms or up to 24 carbon atoms from the    polyalphaolefin.-   G3. The polyalphaolefin according to any one of Embodiments K1 to O1    and Y2 to A3, wherein the polyalphaolefin is essentially free of (or    contains less than 0.1 percent by weight of) low molecular weight    material having up to 16 carbon atoms or up to 24 carbon atoms.

EXAMPLES

The foregoing discussion can be further described with reference to thefollowing non-limiting examples. Two illustrative catalyst compounds (Aand B), each according to one or more embodiments described, weresynthesized and some were used to polymerize olefins. Anotherillustrative catalyst compound (C) was used to prepare polyalpha-olefins(PAOs) and high viscosity index PAOs (HVI-PAOs). All reactions werecarried out under a purified nitrogen atmosphere using standardglovebox, high vacuum or Schlenk techniques, unless otherwise noted. Allsolvents used were anhydrous, de-oxygenated and purified according toknown procedures. All starting materials were either purchased fromAldrich and purified prior to use or prepared according to proceduresknown to those skilled in the art.

Synthesis of Compounds A-B:

9-(5-Fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole (1): 2-Bromo-4-fluoroanisole(20 g, 10 mmol, 1 equiv) and carbazole (18.4 g, 11 mmol, 1.1 equiv) weredissolved in 1,4-dioxane (200 mL). Potassium phosphate tribasic hydrate(46 g, 20 mmol, 2 equiv), copper(I) iodide (1 g, 0.5 mmol, 0.05 equiv)and 1,2-diaminopropane (1 mL, 1.3 mmol, 0.13 equiv) were added and thereaction was refluxed for 18 hours. The reaction was cooled to roomtemperature and filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentratedunder reduced pressure and the residue was purified over silica gel (250g), eluting with gradient of 0 to 10% ethyl acetate in heptanes to givecompound 1 (7.6 g, 26% yield) as an off white solid that wascontaminated with carbazole. This material was used subsequently.

2-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)-4-fluorophenol (2): A 1.0 M boron tribromidesolution in dichloro-methane (60 mL, 60 mmol, 3 equiv) was addeddropwise over 30 minutes at −78° C. to a solution of compound 1 (5.8 g,20 mmol, 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (60 mL). The reaction was stirredat −78° C. for 4 hours, when ¹H-NMR indicated that the reaction wascomplete. The reaction was poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate (100mL) and the pH adjusted to 8 with 10% sodium hydroxide. The layers wereseparated and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloro-methane(3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified over silica gel (100 g), eluting with a gradient of 60 to 100%dichloromethane in heptanes. The product containing fractions werecombined, concentrated under reduced pressure and triturated with 20%methyl test-butyl ether in heptanes (10 mL) to give compound 2 (4.3 g,78% yield) as a white solid.

6,6′-((Ethane-1,2-diylbis(methylazanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-4-fluorophenol)(3): A mixture of compound 2 (1.5 g, 5.4 mmol, 2 equiv),paraformaldehyde (716 mg, 5.4 mmol, 2 equiv),N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine (300 μL, 2.7 mmol, 1 equiv) and anhydrousethanol (20 mL) was refluxed for 18 hours (reaction was ˜60% completeafter 2 hours). The reaction was cooled to room temperature, thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified oversilica gel (50 g), eluting with a gradient of 60 to 100% dichloromethanein heptanes to give compound 3 (640 mg, 34% yield) as a white solid.

6,6′-((Ethane-1,2-diylbis(methylazanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-4-fluorophenol)]zirconium(IV)dibenzyl(A): Under a nitrogen atmosphere, a toluene solution (5 mL) of 3 (107mg, 0.17 mmol) was added to a yellow toluene solution (5 mL) of ZrBn₄(77 mg, 0.17 mmol), forming a deep yellow solution. After stirring atroom temperature for 15 minutes, the solvent was removed to give ayellow sticky solid. The product was washed with pentane and dried undervacuum to give compound A as a yellow solid (yield 135 mg, 88%).Compound B was made in a similar manner compound 3 and hafniumtetrabenzyl.

Polymerization Process: All reactions were performed under an inertnitrogen atmosphere. Solvents were anhydrous grade from Sigma Aldrichwhich were sparged with nitrogen and stored over alumina beads(activated at 300° C.) before use. Deuterated solvents were obtainedfrom Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, Mass.) and dried over 3 Åmolecular sieves. All other reagents were obtained from Sigma Aldrich(St. Louis, Mo.) and used as received, unless otherwise noted. All ¹HNMR data was collected on a Bruker AVANCE III 400 MHz spectrometerrunning Topspin™ 3.0 software at room temperature (approx 23° C.).Tetrachloroethane-d₂ was used as a solvent (chemical shift of 5.98 ppmwas used as a reference) for all materials.

Polymerization 1

Catalyst A (11.3 mg) and (C₆H₅)₃C^(|) B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻ (11.4 mg) were combinedin ˜2 mL of toluene in a 20 mL vial. In a 100 mL round bottom flask 50μL of tri-n-octylaluminum was combined with 15.3 grams of 1-hexene (NaKdried). The catalyst solution was added and the reaction was placed inan oil bath at 45° C. and left overnight. 14.3 grams of polyhexene wasisolated after drying under vacuum.

Polymerization 2

Catalyst A (5.8 mg) and (C₆H₅)₃C⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻ (5.8 mg) were combined in ˜2mL of toluene in a 20 mL vial. In a 100 mL round bottom flask 20 μL oftri-n-octylaluminum was combined with 6.86 grams of 1-hexene (NaKdried). The catalyst solution was added and the reaction was placed inan oil bath at 80° C. for 3 hours. 6.11 grams of polyhexene was isolatedafter drying under vacuum.

Polymerization 3

Catalyst A (5.3 mg) and (C₆H₅)₃C^(|) B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻ (5.3 mg) were combinedin ˜2 mL of toluene in a 20 mL vial. In a 100 mL round bottom flask 20μL of tri-n-octylaluminum was combined with 6.78 grams of 1-hexene (NaKdried). The catalyst solution was added and the reaction was placed inan oil bath at 45° C. and left overnight. 6.2 grams of polyhexene wasisolated after drying under vacuum.

TABLE 1 Polymerization Results for Compound A with 1-hexene.Polymerization 1 2 3 Temperature (° C.) 45 80 100 Reaction Time (hr) 163 3 Yield (g) 14.3 6.11 6.21 Conversion (%) 92.8 89.1 91.5 Mn (g/mol)4000 4600 4500 Vinylene (%) 95.2 98.8 95.1 Vinylidene (%) 4.7 1.2 4.7Polymerization 4

Compound B (10 μmol) was dissolved in 1 mL of 1-hexene and added to astirred solution of MAO (500 equiv) in 4 mL 1-hexene at roomtemperature. The resulting mixture was stirred until the resultingpolymer solution had become viscous. The polymer was treated withacidified methanol solution (5% HCl solution) and extracted withchloroform.

Polymerization 5

Compound B (10 μmol) was dissolved in 1 mL of 1-hexene and added to astirred solution of B(C₆F₅)₃ (1.5 equiv) in 4 mL 1-hexene. The resultingmixture was stirred at room temperature until the resulting polymersolution had become viscous. The polymer was dried from monomer invacuum. The ¹³C NMR for the poly-(1-hexene) made with CompoundB/B(C₆F₅)₃ is shown in FIG. 2.

Polymerization 6

Compound B (10 μmol) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of toluene and added to astirred solution of MAO (500 equiv), 1 g vinylcyclohexane in 5 mLtoluene were added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour. Thepoly-vinylcyclohexane (poly-VCH) was treated with acidified methanolsolution (5% HCl solution), filtered and dried in air. The ¹³C NMR forthe poly-(1-hexene) made with Compound B/MAO is shown in FIG. 1.

TABLE 2 Polymerization Results for Compound B with 1-hexene andvinylcyclohexane. Catalyst Activity Amt Time Polymer (g/mmol/ TacticityMonomer Activator (mg) (hr) Amt (g) hr) [mmmm] 1-hexene MAO 10 1 3.36336 62.7 1-hexene B(C₆F₅)₃ 10 1 2.94 294 94.1 VCH MAO 10 1 1.00 100 NDNote: ND = Not determined

As the data for the foregoing examples show, the catalyst compounds,catalyst systems, and polymerization processes disclosed herein providenovel and improved catalyst and systems for the polymerization ofolefins, which in an embodiment produce polymers having improvedproperties, such as high polymer melting point, high polymer molecularweights, an increased conversion and/or comonomer incorporation, whichmay further include a significant amount of long chain branching and/ora significant amount of vinyl termination.

The catalysts in an embodiment provide improvement in catalyst activity,produce polymers with improved properties or both. In an embodimentcrystallographic techniques indicate that the appended ring system orsystems (e.g., the carbazole ring systems) are oriented transversely,e.g., perpendicular, to the phenol rings. In an embodiment thesecatalysts have a structure to provide a broad corridor for the polymerylmoiety to reside and for the monomer to insert during the polymerizationprocess. As such, catalysts according to one embodiment of the instantdisclosure provide for an ability to control one or more characteristicsof polymerization, tacticity, comonomer insertion, and the like.

Preparation of HVI-PAOs:

An octene/dodecene HVI-PAO was similarly prepared using catalyst C([6,6′-((Ethane-1,2-diylbis(methylazanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-4-methylphenol)]zirconium(IV)dibenzyl):

The activator in the following examples was a non-coordinating anionfrom N,N-dimethylanilinium tetraphenylborate.

Polymerization 7

An olefin mixture containing 80% 1-octene and 20% 1-dodecene was fed fortwo hours at 1040 g/h along with a scavenger mixture containing 12.5%tri-n-octyl aluminum (TNOA, molar ratio TNOA:Zr 13.4), 37.5% hexanes,and 50% toluene at 2.08 g/h to a cleaned, dried, oxygen-free, 3.785-Lcontinuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) maintaining 0.172 MPa (25 psig)nitrogen pressure. The reactor was operated in semi-batch mode and heldat constant temperature of 80° C. Simultaneously, a catalyst solutioncontaining 0.4 g Catalyst C and 0.36 g N,N-dimethylaniliniumtetraphenylborate in 324.4 g toluene was feed at 0.77 mL/min.independently to the same reactor.

After two hours the flows were discontinued and the reactor contentswere allowed to continue mixing for an additional two hours. Sampleswere taken every 0.5 h. The composition of every other sample wasmeasured by gas chromatography to determine monomer conversion. Afterfour hours the reactor contents were quenched in wet hexane. Thecontents were distilled to remove the remaining monomers, dimers andtrimers with up to 24 carbons (C24), and the bottoms product recoveredas the product after distillation (PAD-C24). The PAD-C24 product yieldwas 90.4% and had a KV100 of 66.6 cSt, a KV40 of 591 cSt and a ViscosityIndex (VI) of 188. The PAD-C24 product was hydrogenated using a nickelslurry catalyst, filtered and stabilized with 150 ppm IRGANOX L57 aminicantioxidant. The hydrogenated PAD-C24 product had a pour point of −45°C., specific gravity of 0.843 and a Bromine number of 0.

Polymerization 8

This example was similar to Polymerization 7, except 1.5 g TNOA (molarratio TNOA:Zr 9.51) was added to the catalyst solution as scavenger andthe reactor temperature was maintained at 100° C. In this example thePAD-C24 product yield was 67.8% and had a KV100 of 32.9 cSt, a KV40 of257 cSt and a Viscosity Index (VI) of 173. The hydrogenated PAD-C24product had a pour point of −51° C., specific gravity of 0.839 and aBromine number of 0.1.

All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein,including any priority documents and/or testing procedures to the extentthey are not inconsistent with this text, provided however that anypriority document not named in the initially filed application or filingdocuments is NOT incorporated by reference herein. As is apparent fromthe foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, whileforms of the invention have been illustrated and described, variousmodifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention belimited thereby. Likewise, the term “comprising” is consideredsynonymous with the term “including” for purposes of Australian law.Likewise whenever a composition, an element or a group of elements ispreceded with the transitional phrase “comprising”, it is understoodthat we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements withtransitional phrases “consisting essentially of,” “consisting of”,“selected from the group of consisting of,” or “is” preceding therecitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process comprising: contacting one or moreolefins with a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for aperiod of time sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising atleast 50 mol % C₅ to C₂₄ olefin; the catalyst system comprising anactivator and a catalyst compound according to Formula I, Formula II,Formula III, or a combination thereof: Formula I being represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³,R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷ andR²⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may independentlyjoin together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure,or a combination thereof, or a combination thereof; and Y is a divalentC₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl; Formula II being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is,independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functionalgroup comprising elements from Groups 13-17 of the periodic table of theelements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic orpolycyclic ring structure, provided, however, where M is trivalent thenX² is not present; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹,R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is, independently,a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Group 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or twoor more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; subjectto the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted carbazoleradical, and Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical; Formula IIIbeing represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; R¹ and R¹¹ are C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals; R⁴ and R¹⁴ areC₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals or fluorine; R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine; each R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹, andR²² is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Group 13-17 of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹,and R²² may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic orpolycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; and Y is a divalentC₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein eachR¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶,R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³ R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷ and R²⁸ of Formula(I), each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴,R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ of Formula (II), each R², R³, R⁵,R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹, and R²² of Formula (III), or a combination thereofare, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, or a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylradical.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein Y of Formula I, Formula II,Formula III, or a combination thereof is —CH₂ CH₂— or 1,2-cyclohexylene.4. The process of claim 1, wherein Y of Formula I, Formula II, FormulaIII, or a combination thereof is —CH₂ CH₂ CH₂—.
 5. The process of claim1, wherein Y of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or a combinationthereof is a C₁ to C₂₀ divalent hydrocarbyl radical comprising a linkerbackbone comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms bridging between nitrogenatoms N¹ and N².
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein Y of Formula I,Formula II, Formula III, or a combination thereof is a C₁ to C₂₀divalent hydrocarbyl radical comprising O, S, S(O), S(O)₂, Si(R′)₂,P(R′), N(H), N(R′), or a combination thereof, wherein each R′ isindependently a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbyl radical.
 7. The process of claim 1,wherein the activator comprises alumoxane, a non-coordinating anionactivator, or a combination thereof.
 8. The process of claim 1, whereinthe one or more olefins comprise at least two different alpha-olefinmonomers selected from C₃ to C₃₀ alpha-olefins and the polyalphaolefincomprises an essentially random liquid polymer comprising the at leasttwo different alpha-olefins.
 9. The process of claim 8, wherein: two ormore of R¹ to R²⁸ of Formula I, R¹ to R²¹ of Formula II, R², R³, R⁵,R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹, and R²² of Formula III, or a combination thereof,independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclicring structure; M of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or acombination thereof is Hf, Ti, or Zr; each X of Formula I, Formula II,Formula III, or a combination thereof is, independently, a halogen or aC₁ to C₇ hydrocarbyl radical; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹,R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷ and R²⁸ of Formula (I), each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶,R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, andR²¹ of Formula (II), each R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹, and R²² ofFormula (III), or a combination thereof are, independently, hydrogen, ahalogen, or a C₁ to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl radical; or a combination thereof.10. The process of claim 8, wherein the catalyst compound is accordingto Formula I where one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹,R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ is a methyl radical, a fluoride, or acombination thereof.
 11. The process of claim 10, where M is Zr; X¹ andX² are benzyl radicals; and Y is —CH₂CH₂—; and further where: (A) R¹ andR¹⁴ are methyl radicals; and R² through R¹³ and R¹⁵ through R²⁸ arehydrogen; or (B) R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals; and R², R³, R⁵through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; or (C) R¹ and R¹⁴are methyl radicals; R⁴ and R¹⁷ are fluoro groups; and R², R³, R⁵through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; or (D) R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals; R⁸, R¹¹, R²¹ and R²⁴ are tert-butylradicals; and R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R¹⁹,R²⁰, R²², R²³, R²⁵ and R²⁶ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; or (E) R¹, R⁴, R¹⁴and R¹⁷ are methyl radicals; R⁸, R¹¹, R²¹ and R²⁴ are mesityl radicals;and R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²²,R²³, R²⁵ and R²⁶ through R²⁸ are hydrogen; or a combination thereof. 12.The process of claim 8, wherein the catalyst compound is according toFormula II where one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰,R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is a methylradical, a bromide, an adamantyl radical, or a combination thereof. 13.The process of claim 12, wherein: X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; Y is—CH₂CH₂—; and further where: (A) M is Zr; R¹ and R¹⁴ are methylradicals; R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen; R¹⁷and R¹⁹ are bromine; or (B) M is Zr; R¹, R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methylradicals; R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²¹ are hydrogen; R¹⁹is a 1-adamantyl radical; or (C) M is Hf; R¹ and R¹⁴ and R¹⁷ are methylradicals; R² through R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen; andR¹⁹ is a 1-adamantyl radical; or a combination thereof.
 14. The processof claim 8, wherein the catalyst compound is according to Formula IIIwhere one or more of R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R²¹, and R²² isa methyl radical, a fluoride, or a combination thereof.
 15. The processof claim 14, wherein: X¹ and X² are benzyl radicals; and Y is —CH₂ CH₂—;and further wherein: (A) M is Ti; R¹ and R¹¹ are methyl radicals; R²,R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen; and R⁴ and R¹⁴ arefluorine; or (B) M is Ti; R¹, R⁴, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are methyl radicals; andR², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² are hydrogen; or (C) M is Zr; R¹and R¹¹ are methyl radicals; R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² arehydrogen; and R⁴ and R¹⁴ are fluorine; or (D) M is Zr; R¹, R⁴, R¹¹ andR¹⁴ are methyl radicals; and R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹ and R²² arehydrogen; or a combination thereof.
 16. The process of claim 8, wherein:the activator comprises a non-coordinating anion activator; and thecontact is in the absence of a scavenger or the scavenger is present ata molar ratio of scavenger to transition metal of less than 100:1. 17.The process of claim 8, wherein the at least two different alpha-olefinscomprise 1-octene and 1-dodecene.
 18. The process of claim 8, furthercomprising distillation to remove low molecular weight material havingup to 24 carbon atoms from the polyalphaolefin.
 19. The process of claim8, further comprising hydrogenating the liquid polymer to a brominenumber less than
 1. 20. The process of claim 8, wherein the liquidpolymer comprises: a) a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. less than 1,000cSt, as determined according to ASTM D445; b) a kinematic viscosity at100° C. of 60 cSt or more, as determined according to ASTM D445; c) aviscosity index (VI) of 160 or more, as determined according to ASTMD2270-93[1998]; d) a pour point of less than −30° C., as determinedaccording to ASTM D97; e) a specific gravity of 0.75 to 0.85 g/cm³, asdetermined according to ASTM 20 D4052; f) a flash point of 250° C. ormore, as determined according to ASTM D56; or g) a combination thereof.21. A polyalphaolefin, comprising: an essentially random liquid polymercomprising at least two different alpha-olefin comonomers selected fromC₃ to C₃₀ alpha-olefins; and a disubstituted vinylene content of atleast 60%, based upon total unsaturation, as determined by ¹H NMR, thepolyalphaolefin produced by a process comprising: contacting one or moreolefins with a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and for aperiod of time sufficient to produce a polyalphaolefin comprising atleast 50 mol % C₅ to C₂₄ olefin; the catalyst system comprising anactivator and a catalyst compound according to Formula I, Formula II,Formula III, or a combination thereof: Formula I being represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17 of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³,R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰R²¹, R²², R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷,and R²⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may independentlyjoin together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure,or a combination thereof, or a combination thereof; and Y is a divalentC₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl; Formula II being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is,independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functionalgroup comprising elements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of theelements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic orpolycyclic ring structure, provided, however, where M is trivalent thenX² is not present; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹²,R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰and R²¹ is, independently, ahydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Group 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or twoor more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄to C₆₂cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; subjectto the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted carbazoleradical, and Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical; Formula IIIbeing represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; R¹ and R¹¹ are C₁ -C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals; R⁴ and R¹⁴ are C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals or fluorine; R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹,and R²⁰ are fluorine; each R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹, andR²² is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Group 13-17of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹,and R²² may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic orpolycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; and Y is a divalentC₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical.
 22. The polyalphaolefin of claim 21,comprising at least 50 mole % decene.
 23. The polyalphaolefin of claim21, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises at least 75 mole % C₈ to C₂₄olefin.
 24. A polyalphaolefin, comprising: an essentially random liquidpolymer comprising at least two different alpha-olefin comonomersselected from C₃ to C₃₀ alpha-olefins and comprising a total of at least75 mole % of two or more C₈ to C₂₄ olefins; wherein the polyalphaolefinis produced by a process comprising; (i) contacting the alpha-olefincomonomers with a catalyst system at a temperature, a pressure, and fora period of time sufficient to produce a polymer product comprising theliquid polymer and a disubstituted vinylene content of at least 60%,based upon total unsaturation, as determined by ¹H NMR; and (ii)optionally hydrogenating the polymer product to a bromine number lessthan 1; the catalyst system comprising an activator and a catalystcompound according to Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or acombination thereof: Formula I being represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³,R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, andR²⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may independentlyjoin together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure,or a combination thereof, or a combination thereof; and Y is a divalentC₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl; Formula II being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is,independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functionalgroup comprising elements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of theelements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic orpolycyclic ring structure, provided, however, where M is trivalent thenX² is not present; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹,R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is, independently,a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Group 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or twoor more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄to C₆₂cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; subjectto the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted carbazoleradical, and Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical; Formula IIIbeing represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; R¹ and R¹¹ are C₁ -C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals; R⁴ and R¹⁴ are C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals or fluorine; R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine; each R², R³, R⁵ , R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, ²¹, andR²² is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Group 13-17of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R², R³, R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵,R²¹, and R²² may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclicor polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; and Y is adivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical.
 25. The polyalphaolefin of claim21, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises a disubstituted vinylenecontent of at least 70%, based upon total unsaturation, as determined by¹H NMR.
 26. The polyalphaolefin of claim 21, wherein the polyalphaolefincomprises a disubstituted vinylene content of at least 90%, based upontotal unsaturation, as determined by ¹H NMR.
 27. The polyalphaolefin ofclaim 21, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises a disubstituted vinylenecontent of at least 94%, based upon total unsaturation, as determined by¹H NMR.
 28. The polyalphaolefin of claim 21, wherein the polyalphaolefincomprises a disubstituted vinylene content of at least 98%, based upontotal unsaturation, as determined by ¹H NMR.
 29. The polyalphaolefin ofclaim 24, wherein the polyalphaolefin comprises: a) less than 300 ppm ofthe Group 3, 4, 5, or 6 transition metal, as determined by ASTM 5185; b)less than 100 ppm of a Group 13 metal, as determined by ASTM 5185; c) anMw of 100,000 g/mol or less; d) an Mn of 50,000 g/mol or less; e) anMw/Mn of greater than 1 and less than 5; f) a pour point of less than 0°C., as determined according to ASTM D97; g) a kinematic viscosity at 40°C. from about 4 to about 50,000 cSt, as determined according to ASTMD445; h) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. from about 1.5 to about 5,000cSt, as determined according to ASTM D445; i) a flash point of 150° C.or more, as determined according to ASTM D56; j) a dielectric constantof 2.5 or less (1 kHz at 23° C.), as determined according to ASTM 924;k) a specific gravity of 0.75 to 0.96 g/cm³, as determined according toASTM D4052; l) a viscosity index (VI) of 100 or more, as determinedaccording to ASTM D2270-93[1998]; m) a vinylene content of at least 70%,based upon total unsaturation, as determined by ¹H NMR; or a combinationthereof.
 30. A polyalphaolefin, comprising: a) a total of at least 75mole % of two or more C₈ to C₂₄ olefins; b) a kinematic viscosity at 40°C. of less than 1,000 cSt, as determined according to ASTM D445; c) akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 60 cSt or more, as determinedaccording to ASTM D445; d) a viscosity index (VI) of 160 or more, asdetermined according to ASTM D2270-93[1998]; e) a pour point of lessthan −30° C., as determined according to ASTM D97; f) a specific gravityof 0.75 to 0.85 g/cm³, as determined according to ASTM D4052; and g) aflash point of 250° C. or more, as determined according to ASTM D56;wherein the polyalphaolefin is produced by a process comprisingcontacting one or more olefins with a catalyst system at a temperature,a pressure, and for a period of time sufficient to produce apolyalphaolefin comprising at least 50 mol % C₅ to C₂₄olefin, andoptionally hydrogenating the liquid polymer to a bromine number lessthan 1; the catalyst system comprising an activator and a catalystcompound according to Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, or acombination thereof: Formula I being represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; each R¹, R²,R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³,R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷,and R²⁸ is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Groups 13-17of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R¹ to R²⁸ may independentlyjoin together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ring structure,or a combination thereof, or a combination thereof; and Y is a divalentC₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl; Formula II being represented by:

where M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or 6 transition metal; each X is,independently, a univalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functionalgroup comprising elements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of theelements, or X¹ and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic orpolycyclic ring structure, provided, however, where M is trivalent thenX² is not present; each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹,R¹², R¹³ , R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ is, independently,a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Group 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or twoor more of R¹ to R²¹ may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂cyclic or polycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; subjectto the proviso that R¹⁹ is not a carbazole or a substituted carbazoleradical, and Y is a divalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical; Formula IIIbeing represented by:

M is a Group 3, 4, 5 or6 transition metal; each X is, independently, aunivalent C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a functional group comprisingelements from Groups 13-17of the periodic table of the elements, or X¹and X² join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic or polycyclic ringstructure, provided, however, where M is trivalent then X² is notpresent; R¹ and R¹¹ are C₁ -C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals; R⁴ and R¹⁴ are C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl radicals or fluorine; R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁶, R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are fluorine; each R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹, andR²² is, independently, a hydrogen, a C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbyl radical, afunctional group comprising elements from Group 13-17of the periodictable of the elements, or two or more of R², R³, R⁵, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, R²¹,and R²² may independently join together to form a C₄ to C₆₂ cyclic orpolycyclic ring structure, or a combination thereof; and Y is a divalentC₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical.